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Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What rxn is the main source of energy in the Brain?

A

Carbohydrate Oxidation

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2
Q

NR2B

A
  • Can be injected intravenously after a Stroke
  • Protected against Brain Damage
  • Improved Neurological fxns
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3
Q

Where are metabolic rates higher in the brain? White or Gray Matter?

A

Gray Matter

  • Cell nucleus
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4
Q

Brain energy use breakdown

A
  • 75% for SIGNALING

- 25% for maintain essential CELLULAR ACTIVITY

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5
Q

Risk of Thrombolytics

A
  • May cause Fatal Edema

Or

  • May cause INTRA-cranial Hemorrhage
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6
Q

Glycogen on brain energy utilization

A

Actively utilized by NERVE Cells

  • 2% of total metabolic rate compared to Glucose
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7
Q

Ketone Bodies on brain energy utilization

A
  • Used during SUCKLING

- Due to High FAT content in milk

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8
Q

Characteristics of the Penumbra

A
  • Area of REDUCED cerebral flow
  • Impaired PROTEIN Synthesis
  • PRESERVED energy metabolism
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9
Q

Pasteur effect

A
  • Fall in PO2 levels leads to enhanced Lactate Production
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10
Q

Excitotoxic Injury

A
  • Both NMDA and AMPA/kainate Overactivation
  • Loss of Gradients lead to build of EC Glutamate
  • INFLUX of Ca++
  • Activate toxic pathways
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11
Q

The brain is only _____% body weight, but uses ______ of the energy consumed.

A
  • 2%

- 20%

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12
Q

Types of Ischemia

A
  1. FOCAL Cerebral Ischemia

2. GLOBAL Cerebral Ischemia

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13
Q

Ischemic Core

A
  • Known as the UMBRA

- Injury grows over TIME

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14
Q

What accounts for the Majority of Strokes?

A

Focal Ischemia

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15
Q

What does PET imaging rely on?

A
  • On Quantitative IC trapping of DG-6-PHOSPHATE

- Enables assays of HEXOKINASE Rxn in ALL regions of the brain in Conscious individuals

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16
Q

Thrombolytics

A
  • THROMBOLYSIS or EMOLECTOMY
  • Infusion of TPA intravenously
  • Reperfusion reestablishes CIRCULATION
17
Q

Penumbra

A
  • The Rim or area surrounding the CORE
18
Q

Penumbra Protection

A
  • DHA (O3FA)
  • Found in Cold water fish
  • POTENT anti inflammatory activity
19
Q

Glucose on brain energy utilization

A
  • Essential for the brain

- Most important energy source

20
Q

Window of opportunity for Focal Ischemia

A
  • Short

- If adequate blood supply not established w/in 3 hours, NECROSIS extends to the Penumbra

21
Q

Lactate on brain energy utilization

A

Important during Post NATAL period

22
Q

PET Imaging

A

Position Emission Tomography

  • Uses 2-deoxy-glucose in animals
  • Uses 2-fluoro-deoxy-glucose in HUMANS
23
Q

Stroke Outcome depends on what?

A
  • The part of the brain affect

- Which type of cells affected

24
Q

What does the Astrocyte release? Where?

A
  • Lactate

- To BOTH the Post-Synaptic Neuron and the Target Neuron

25
Q

Neuroprotective Strategies for dealing with Stroke.

A
  • GABA Agonist
  • OMEGA 3 FA
    (DHA)
  • Heat Shock Responses
26
Q

MRS stands for what?

A

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

27
Q

FOCAL Cerebral Ischemia

A
  • Focal disruption of blood flow to a part of the brain

- Due to OCCLUSION of an Artery

28
Q

Ischemic Episode

A
  • Cells move from AEROBIC metabolism to GLYCOLYSIS
  • EFFLUX of K+
  • Na+ and Ca++ gradients collapse
  • INFLUX of CA++ into the cell
  • Release of NT
29
Q

Regulation of Cerebral Metabolism

A
  • CONTINUOUS Cerebral function is required to sustain brain function
  • Oxygen Concentration in cerebral Venous blood is LOWER that Cerebral arterial blood
30
Q

NPD1

A
  • DHA derivative
  • Acts Against APOPTOSIS
  • Promotes Cell serval
  • Inhibits Brain Ischemia
31
Q

Energy consumption b/w Excitatory and Inhibitory neurons

A

Both use EQUIVALENT amounts of energy

32
Q

GLOBAL Cerebral Ischemia

A
  • TRANSIENT impairment of blood flow to the WHOLE brain
  • Happens during Cardiac Arrest
  • Neurons more sensitive than Glial cells
  • SELECTIVE loss of Vulnerable Neuronal populations
33
Q

How many ppl suffer from a stroke annually? How many of those Die?

A
  • 15 million
  • 6 million
  • Second leading cause of Death and Disability worldwide*
34
Q

MRS Utilization

A
  • Utilizes Glucose labeled w/ RADIOACTIVE Isotopes
    (3H, 14C, 11C)

Or

  • STABLE Isotope
    (13C)
35
Q

What does the brain mainly use for energy utilization?

A
  • Glucose
  • Glycogen
  • Lactate (Monocarboxylic acids)
  • Ketone bodies
36
Q

Extraction of O2 vs Glucose by brain cells

A

O2

  • High extraction for O2
  • 50% - 70%

Glucose
- 10%

37
Q

Fxn of MRS

A
  • Allows assessment of Glucose metabolites
  • NMR spectra obtained
    (Unique)
  • Used to determine metabolism of precursors via specific Neuronal and Glial pathways
38
Q

T/F: The brain is Expensive/Inefficient in terms of Energy Usage

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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