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Biochemistry > Integration Of Metabolism > Flashcards

Integration Of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Leptin

A
  • secreted by ADIPOCYTES
  • Reports on the status of TAG stores
  • Represses the desire to EAT
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2
Q

Where does EXCESS TAG get stored?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Muscles
  3. Liver
  4. Blood vessels
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3
Q

Fxn of Ghrelin

A
  • Peptide secreted by the Stomach

- Acts on the Hypothalamus to stimulate APPETITE through its receptor

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4
Q

SOCS Knockout mice display what?

A
  1. Enhanced sensitivity to Leptin
  2. Resistance to weight gain
    - even with a high fat diet
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5
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Autoimmune DESTRUCTION of Beta cells

  • Usually before the age of 20
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6
Q

Mnemonic for Leptin

A

Leptin won’t “Let Him” eat.

  • So won’t “MS. H”
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7
Q

What kind of receptor does Insulin bind to?

A

Tyrosine-Kinase Receptor

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8
Q

Leptin binds to what kind of receptor in the Hypothalamus?

A

Arcuate Nucleus

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9
Q

Insulin deficiency or resistance can lead to what?

A
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Diabetes
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10
Q

GLP-1

A
  • Glucagon-like Peptide 1
  • Secreted by “L” cells in the INTESTINE
  • Increases INSULIN secretion
  • Increases insulin BIOSYNTHESIS
  • Acts on the brain to induce the feeling of SATIETY
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11
Q

Ghrelin secretion increases _____ and decreases _____.

A
  • BEFORE a meal

- AFTER a meal

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12
Q

Upon Leptin binding to it’s receptor, POMC is proteolytically processed to yield variety of signal molecules one of which is ______?

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

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13
Q

Fxn of Leptin

A
  1. Increase the sensitivity of MUSCLE and LIVER to Insulin
  2. Stimulates Beta Oxidation of FA
  3. Decreases TAG Synthesis
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14
Q

A knockout in Leptin will lead to what?

A

Extreme Obesity

  • Hyperphagia (Overeating)
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Insensitivity to Insulin
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15
Q

When ATP is LOW, AMPK is _______?

A

Allosterically Activated

&

Phosphorylates many targets controlling cellular energy production and consumption

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16
Q

When ATP is HIGH, AMPK is ______.

A

INACTIVE

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17
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Normal or even HIGHER levels of Insulin in the blood

- Unresponsive to Hormone (Resistance)

18
Q

Both Leptin and Adiponectin exert their effects through the Key regulatory enzyme, ________.

A

AMP- Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)

19
Q

Energy Consumed equals what?

A

Energy EXPENDED

+

Energy STORED

20
Q

SOCS

A

Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling

  • Disrupts the interactions of components of the Insulin-signaling pathway (Inhibits)
21
Q

What enzyme is the “Tallest building that would be seen at 30k feet?”

A

AMPK

22
Q

Where is energy stored in the body?

A

In TAG in the Adipocytes

23
Q

What is a second population of neurons containing Leptin?

A

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

24
Q

AMPL Activates what pathway?

A

FA Oxidation

25
Q

Insulin

A
  • secreted by the Beta cells of the Pancreas

- Reports on the status of Blood glucose

26
Q

Obesity can be cause by a resistance to what?

A

Leptin

&/or

Insulin

27
Q

Long term control over caloric homeostasis.

A

2 key signal molecules regulate energy homeostasis over the time scale of HOURS to DAYS

  • Leptin and Insulin
28
Q

What is the only organ that can carry out all the reactions of major pathways?

A

Liver

29
Q

CCK binds to what type of receptor? Where?

A
  • Binds to G-protein-coupled receptors

- Located in various peripheral NEURONS

30
Q

What turns OFF the Insulin Signal?

A

A bunch of Phosphatases

31
Q

Overview of Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Glucose is OVER produced by the LIVER

- Glucose is UNDERUTILIZED by other organs

32
Q

Mnemonic for AMPK

A

Want to eat at “AMP……K”

33
Q

Short-term Signals to induce satiety?

A

Relay the feelings of Satiety from the GUT to various regions of the BRAIN

  • Reduces the urge to eat
  • Use of CCK and GLP-1
34
Q

CCK

A
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Secreted by the SMALL Intestine in response to a meal
  • Acts on the brain to induce the feeling of SATIETY
  • Can also potential INSULIN action in the Pancreas
  • Stimulates the secretion of BILE Salts from the Gallbladder
35
Q

What population of neurons expresses appetite-stimulating peptides?

A
  • Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
  • Agouti-related Peptide (AgRP)

(“Pie & AGRaPe)

36
Q

Leptin is secreted in DIRECT proportion to what?

A

The amount of FAT present.

37
Q

Leptin secretes signal molecules called _____?

A

Adipokines

- Leptin and Adiponectin

38
Q

Most short-term signals are _______?

A

Appetite suppressants

39
Q

CCK is secreted as a ______ signal.

A

Postprandial

40
Q

What does Leptin inhibit?

A

NPY and AgRP

  • Represses the desire to eat

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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