isbb 1st quiz Flashcards
Study of host’s reaction when foreign substances are introduced into the body
Immunology
A foreign substance that induces such an immune response
Immunogens
Immunogens are capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or
Through sensitized t-cells in an immunocompetent host
All immunogens are antigens - T or F?
All antigens are immunogens - T or F
All immunogens are antigens - True
All antigens are immunogens - False
Not all antigens are immunogens
Practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions was known as
Variolation
Discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox
Edward jenner
Injecting cellular material became known as
Vaccination
A phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent
Cross-immunity
Who is the father of immunology
Louis pasteur
Attenuated vaccin is a form of
Artificially acquired active immunity
Produced by killing the organism but still capable of activating the immune response
Inactivated vax
Give date and name of scientist/s
Discovery of small pox vaccination
1798, Edward Jenner
Give date and name of scientist/s
Phagocytosis
1862, Haeckel
Give date and name of scientist/s
Live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccine
1880-1881, Louis Pasteur
Give date and name of scientist/s
Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
1883-1905, Elie Metchnikoff
Give date and name of scientist/s
Proposed humoral theory of immunity
1890, Von behring, Kitasata
Give date and name of scientist/s
Antibody formation theory
1900, Ehrlich
Give date and name of scientist/s
Immediate-hypersensitivity anaphylaxis
1902, Arthus
Give date and name of scientist/s
Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding
1938, Marrack
Give date and name of scientist/s
Development of polio vaccine
1949, Salk and Sabin
Salk - inactivated
Sabin - Attenuated
Give date and name of scientist/s
Vaccine against yellow fever
1951, Reed
Give date and name of scientist/s
Clonal selection theory
1957, Burnet
Give date and name of scientist/s
Hla
Similar with fingerprint. Can be use in paternity testing
1958-1962
Give date and name of scientist/s
T-cell and B-cell cooperation in immune response
1964-1968
Give date and name of scientist/s
Identification of antibody molecule
1972
Give date and name of scientist/s
First monoclonal antibodies
1975, Kohler george
Give date and name of scientist/s
Identification of genes for T-cells receptor
1985-1987
Give date and name of scientist/s
Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine
1986
Give date and name of scientist/s
FOCP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development
2001
Give date and name of scientist/s
Development of HPV vaccine
2005, Brazer
Own antibody attacks your own antigen is called
Autoimmune
Structured to recognize, respond, and destroy a wide variety of invading organism that would otherwise be capable of promoting infections, harm to the body
Immune system
Reaction during first encounter to antigen
Primary response
Reaction to following encounters to antigen
Secondary response
Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally PRESENT body functions
Natural immunity
Natural immunity is also known as
Innate immunity or Nonspecific immunity
When does natural immunity occur
At birth, it is naturally occurring thus it is present at birth
Characteristic of natural immunity
Standardized response to all antigens -Reactivity is the same
Lacks memory
Examples of natural immunity
Skin
Cells (PMNs, Macrophages, NK cells)
Acidity of stomach
Ciliated trachea
Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte
Tears, saliva, Sweat
Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen or microbial agent
Acquired immunity
Acquired immunity is also known as
Adaptive immunity or Specific Immunity
Characteristics of Acquired immunity
Has diverse response
has memory cell
External defense system is called
First line of defense
Composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agent from entering the body
External defense system
Secretion of Sweat glands
Lactic acid
Secretion of Sebaceous glans
Fatty acid
Secretion of acidity of stomach
HCl
Secretion of Tears and saliva
Lysozymes
Second line of defense
Internal defense system
Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organism
Internal defense system
Process involved in internal defense system
Phagocytosis
Inflammation and Fever
Natural anti-microbial substances
Kills viruses and tumor cells prior to exposure
NK cells
A kind of lymphocyte which has a capability to recognize antigens without being exposed to it
NK cells
Kills cancer OR tumor cells
LAK cells
Meaning of LAK cells
Lymphokine-activated Killer cells
Increase in allergic reactions and parasitic disease
Eosinophils
Involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions type 1
Basophils
Involved in allergic reaction together with basophils
Mast cells
Macrophages in Lungs
Pulmonary alveolar macrophages
Macrophages in Liver
Kupffer cells
Macrophages in Connective tissues
Histiocytes
Macrophages in Skin
Langerhans cells
Macrophages in Nervous tissue
Microglia
Macrophages in bone
Osteoclasts
Macrophages in Kidney
Mesangial cells (glomerulus)
Function is to phagocytosed ANTIGEN and PRESENT it to T-helper cells
Dendritic cells
Function is to present antigen to T-CELLS
APCs (Antigen presenting cells)
A protein discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila
PRR (Pattern recognition receptors) / Toll-like receptors
Provides surveilance
Pattern recognition receptors / Toll-like receptors
To recognize portion, substance, or compound in a microorganism
Toll-like receptors
Engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocyte macrophage and other cells
Phagocytosis
Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical substances
Chemotaxis
Towards the stimulus or site
Positive chemotaxis
Away from stimulus or site
Negative chemotaxis
Examples of chemotaxins
Complement protein: C5a, C5b, C6, C7
Protein in coagulation cascade
Substances seen in bacteria, virus
Secretion of mast cells, macrophage
Coating of antibody and/or complement to facilitate phagocytosis
Opsonization
Greek word of opsonization which means to prepare for eating
Opsonein
A type of phagocytosis that recognize opsonins such as IgG, CRP, and C3b bound to microorganisms
Indirect
A type of phagocytosis via pattern receptors that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms
Direct
Occurs when the cytoplasmic pseudopods enclosed the particles within a vacuole
Oxygen dependent: Respiratory burst
Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase which is produced by IFN-gamma activated cells
Oxygen independent
Is induced when the phagocytic cell comes in contact with a microorganism
Nitric oxide synthetase
A soluble, highly labile, free radical gas that is capable of operating against organisms that invade the cytosol
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide is converted to ____ and other products, which are highly toxic to bacteria, yeast, and viruses
Peroxynitrite
Overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
Inflammataion
Were originally named because they literally interfere with viral replication process in an infected cell
Interferon
Interferon that is produced primarily during INNATE response to viral infection
Type 1 IFN or non-immune IFN
Interferon that is primarily produced by MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES
IFN-ALPHA
Interferon that is primarily produced by FIBROBLAST
IFN-Beta
Interferon that is primarily produced as a component of the SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE to viral and other pathogens
Produced by T cells
Type 2 IFN or Immune IFN
Major mediator of the innate defense against GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Tumor necrosis factor
Also directly trigger apoptotic death of some tumor cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Induce secretion of APR
Tumor necrosis Factor
Type of TNF that is also known as cachectin and are produced by macrophages
TNF-alpha
Type of TNF that is also known as lymphotoxin and are produced by CD4+ and CD8+ cells
TNF-beta
A complex series of more than 30 soluble and cell-bound proteins that interact in a very specific way to enhance host defense mechanisms against foreign cells
Complement pathway
How to inactivate complement system
Extract blood and get the serum. Expose the serum in 56C for 30 minutes
Antibody dependent pathway
Classical pathway
Properdin system or antibody-independent pathway
Alternate pathway
Its major constituent is mannose-binding lectin
Not activated by humans
Lectin pathway
Third line of defense
Adaptive immunity
Lymphokines are released by
Lymphocyte
Antibodies are released by
Plasma cells
CD2, CD3, CD5, CD4
T helper cells
CD2, CD3, CD5, CD8
Cytotoxic T cells
CD19, CD21, CD23
B cells
Presence of CD25 means?
It is an activated B or T cells
CD16, CD56, CD94
NK Cells
CD10 is discovered first in what disease?
ALL
CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and c-Kit
Pro-B cell
Intracellular proteins found in pro-B cells
Terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase (TdT)
and
Recombination-activating genes
RAG-1 and RAG-2
First heavy chains are synthesized in the?
μ (mu) chains
μ chains belong to the class of immunoglobulins called?
IgM
CD19, CD45R, CD24
Pre-B cells
Other surface proteins that appear on immature B cells
CD21, CD40
Mature B cells express what Ig?
IgM and IgD
What stage of B cell differentiation is the rearrangement of heavy chains
Pro-B cell
What stage of the B cell differentiation is the formation of mu chains on cytoplasm. Expression of mu and surrogate light chains which is not fully matured. The IgM is not yet fully developed
Pre-B cell
What stage of the B cell differentiation is Formation of mature IgM on cell surface. Mu chain disappear on cytoplasm
Immature B cells
What stage of the B cell differentiation is Happens on spleen (Outside bone marrow) IgD and IgM are expressed on the surface of B cell
Mature B cells
How many % of T cells survive T cell maturation process
3%
Lymphocyte precursors are called
Thymocytes
Outer cortex
Immature T cells
Inner medula
Mature T cells
First stages of T cell maturation happens in?
Cortex
Technique to separate mononuclear cells from other cells
Density Gradient centrifugation with Ficoll-Hypaque
Technique can also be used to identify any types of cells
Uses antibody reagent
Forward light scatter will detect:
Side light scatter will detect:
Cell Flow Cytometry
Forward light scatter: Cell size
Side light scatter: Cellular granularity
Uses antibody reagent accompanied with a fluorochrome
uses fluorescence microscope
+ result depends on the color of fluorochrome
Immunofluorescence microscopy
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
Apple green
Tetramethyl rhodamine (TRITC)
Red
Uses monoclonal antibodies with a fluorescent tag fluorescein and phycoerythrin (489nm) rhodamine (545nm)
Antibodies used must be specific to the antigen being detected
Detects antigen
Direct immunofluorescence
Uses unlabeled antibody that first combines with the antigen by itself and a second antibody that is complexed with a dye
Detects antibody
Indirect immunofluorescence
Lymphocytes are separated from whole blood and then mixed with a suspension of sheep red blood cells
Sheep RBC has a high affinity to CD2 markers
Rosette test
Dalton size for an immunogen to stimulate a host response
> 10,000 daltons
Chemical composition of an immunogen that stimulate a host response
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Polysaccharides
Are molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T cells
Epitopes
Epitopes consists of how many amino acids
6 to 15 amino acids
Composed of primary structures
May form waves
Linear epitopes
Composed of primary, secondary, and tertiary structure
Results from the folding of one chain or multiple chain
Conformational epitope
Function of MHC
If the structure of immunogen is conformation epitope, MHC will make it linear. THEN MHC can now present it to T cells (CD4 or CD8)
T or F?
B cell can react with linear or conformational epitopes
True
Incomplete antigens because size is called
Haptens
What makes haptens immunogenic
Haptens are non-immunogenic material. But when it is combined with a carrier, it creates a new antigenic determinants that makes it immunogenic
Antigens that belongs to the host
Autoantigens
Antigens from other members of the host’s species
E.g Rh-negative blood transfused to an Rh-positive human
Alloantigens
Antigens from other species
Heteroantigens
Antigen that exist in unrelated plants or animals but which are either IDENTICAL or CLOSELY RELATED in structure
Heterophile antigens
A substance administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response
Adjuvants
Gene coding for the MHC molecules are found in
the short arm of chromosome 6
MHC molecules that are coded for at three differentiate locations or loci
Termed as HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C or?
Class I molecules
MHCIa, MHC Ib, MHC, Ic
MHC class that situated in the D region and there are several different loci
HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ
Class II genes
MHC class that is NOT expressed in cell. Located in between class I and class II regions
It’s main function is production of complement proteins, and production of cytokines
Class II genes
Nonclassical class I of MHC molecules
HLA-E, HLA-F, HLA-G
Nonclassical class II of MHC molecules
HLA-DM, HLA-DL, HLA-DO
An alternate forms of a gene that code for slightly different varieties of the same product
Alleles
Has at least 580 different alleles
HLA-A
Has at least 921 different alleles
HLA-B
Has at least 312 different alleles
HLA-C
The major class II molecules MHC
DP, DQ, and DR
Consists of two noncovalently bound polypeptide chains that are both encoded by genes in the MHC complex
DP, DQ, DR
Expressed at the highest level in class II molecules
Accounts for about one-half of all the class II molecules
DR
Majority of Class II molecules are found on?
B cells and other Antigen presenting cells (B cells, Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells)
Main role of class I and class II MHC are?
To bind peptides within cells and transport them to plasma membrane, where T cells can recognize them in the phenomenon known as “antigen presentation”
MHC class I and II are synthesized in?
The Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What keeps the alpha chain in a partially folded state while it awaits binding to beta2-macroglobulin
Calnexin
Three other chaperone molecules that are associated with the complex and help to stabilize it for peptide binding
Calreticulin, tapasin, and ERp57
Effective for endogenous antigens such as tumors, viruses, parasites
Presented in CD8+ T-cytotoxic cells
Proteasomes/proteosome
Transporting peptides
TAP1
TAP2
Class I HLA
Effective for exogenous antigens such as bacteria
Presented in CD4+ T-helper cells
Invariant chain, invariant chain peptides
Class II HLA
A packet of enzymes that plays a major role in antigen presentation as well as antigen processing
Proteasomes
Helps TAP transporters to have a close proximity to the newly formed MHC class I molecule and mediates interaction with them so that peptides can be loaded onto the class I molecules
Tapasin
What prevents interaction of the binding site with any endogenous peptides in the ER
Main function is to maintain structure
Invariant chain
Small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection
Cytokines
How do you induce a response from cyotkines
It is induced in response to specific stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, flagellin, or other bacterial products. Through the ligation of cell adhesion molecules or through the recognition of foreign antigens by host lymphocytes
Affecting the same cell that secreted it
Autocrine
Affecting a target cell in close proximity
Paracrine
Exert systemic activities (Spread all over body system)
Endocrine
Inflammatory cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-Alpha
Mediator of the innate immune response
IL-1
Principal mediator of the ACUTE INFLAMMATORY response to GRAM-NEGATIVE bacteria and other infectious microbes
Stimulates gene transcription or induces apoptosis
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Most prominent member of TNF family
TNF-alpha
TNF-alpha is secreted by
Activated macrophages and activated monocytes
A single protein produced by both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types
Part of the cytokine cascade released in response to lipopolysaccharide and plays an important role in acute phase reactions and the adaptive immune response
IL-6
Part of the family of cytokines that enhance motility and promote migration of many types of WBC
Chemokines
Chemokines that contains a single amino acid between the first and second cysteines
Alpha or CXC chemokines
Has adjacent cysteine residue
Beta or CC, chemokines
Lacks one of the cysteines
C chemokines
Has three amino acids between the cysteines
CX3C chemokines
Characterized as a factor that induced growth arrest in tumor cells
TGF-B
What interleukin acts synergistically to stimulate IFN-gamma
IL-12 and IL-18
Also known as the T-cell growth factor
IL-2
Drives the growth and differentiation of both T and B cells and induces lytic activity in NK cells
IL-2
Induces production of interleukins involved in adaptive immunity
TH2 Cytokines
Triggers activation, proliferation and differentiation of B-cells
IL-4
Inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes
IL-10
Spike pattern electrophoresis
Monoclonal gammopathy
Bridge pattern electrophoresis
Polyclonal gammopathy
Responsible for the specificity of antibody
The variable region
Responsible for flexibility of antibody
Composed of amino acid proline
Located between CH1 and CH2
Hinge region
Has hinge region
Light chain domains are variable light chain and constant light chain
Heavy chain is composed of variable heavy chain and constant heavy chain 1,2,3
IgG, IgA, IgD
Does not have hinge region
Total of 5 domains for heavy chain
VH, CH 1,2,3,4
IgE and IgM
Monomer immunoglobulin (2 antigen binding sites)
IgG, IgD, IGe
IgM - If attached to B cell
IgA - when in serum
Dimer immunoglobulin (4 antigen binding site)
IgA - when in secretions
Polymer immunoglobulin (more than 4 antigen binding sites)
IgM - when in secretions
Predominant Immunoglobulin in humans
23 days half-life
IgG
Four major classes of IgG
a) IgG1: 67% - most efficient in crossing placenta
b) IgG2: 22 % - can’t cross placenta
c) IgG3: 7 % - most efficient in complement fixation
d) IgG4: 4 % - can’t perform complement fixation
Known as macroglobulin because of sedimentation rate of 19S which represent a molecular weight of approx. 970,000
IgM
Most primitive immunoglobulin
IgM
Second predominant immunoglobulin
IgA
Found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes
Second lowest Immunoglobulin
IgD
Least abundant immunoglobulin
Most heat-labile of all Ig
IgE
Activated complement system end product
Cell lysis
Acts as anaphylatoxins
C3b, C4b, C5b
Chronic activation of complement system leads to?
Inflammation and tissue damage
APR are produced by?
Hepatocytes within 12-24 hours
C1 component is produced in?
Epithelial cells and factor D
Inactivated precursors
Zymogens
Involves proteins that are triggered by antigen-antibody combination
Classical pathway
Activated by protein properdin
Antibody independent pathway
Properdin system stabilizes
C3 convertase of alternative pathway C4bBb
Mannose binding lectin is its major constituents
Lectin pathway
C1 subunit that generates enzyme activity to begin the cascade
C1r, and C1s
Composed of six strands that form six globular heads with a collagen like tail portion
C1q
End product of the activation unit
C5 convertase
Second most abundant complement protein
C4
Most significant step in the entire process of complement activation
Cleaving of C3 component to form C3a and C3b
Major function of C3b
Formation of the MAC (membrane attack complex)
Main role is to inactivate C1 by binding to the active sites of C1r and C1s
C1 inhibitor or C1INH
Not well developed at birth
ANTI-P1, P1 antigen
Poorly developed at birth but is detected Lua and Lub antigen
Mongolian ancestry
Dia
ERMAP
Scianna
Chido/Rogers high incidence antigens
CH1, CH2, CH3, RG1, AND RG2
Gerbich high incidence antigens
Ge2, Ge3, Ge4,
Gerbich low incidence antigens
Wb, Lsa, Ana, and Dha
