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MTAP 2 BABY > HPCT 2ND AND 3RD WEEK > Flashcards

HPCT 2ND AND 3RD WEEK Flashcards

1
Q

A clearing agent that is used when the tissue is to be cleared directly from water, as in a frozen section

A

Glycerin and Gum syrup

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1
Q

Most commonly used clearing agent

A

Xylene

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2
Q

Characteristics of a good clearing agent

A

Should be miscible with alcohol to promote rapid removal of the dehydrating agent from the tissue

Should be miscible and easily removed by melted paraffin wax and/or by mounting medium to facilitate impregnation and mounting of sections

Should not produce excessive shrinkage, hardening or damage of tissue

Should NOT dissolve aniline dyes

Should NOT evaporate quickly in a water bath

Makes tissue transparent

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3
Q

Most important step in embedding

A

Orientation

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4
Q

Most common, routinely used embedding media

A

Paraffin wax

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5
Q

Used in tough tissues (embedding media)

A

Celloidin

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6
Q

Used in tissues that we want to prevent dehydration histochemistry (embedding media)

A

Gelatin

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7
Q

Embedding media for electron microscopy

A

Plastic

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8
Q

Melting point of paraffin wax (Routine)

A

56C

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9
Q

Process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of the cell

A

Staining

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10
Q

Main reason why cells are stained

A

To enhance contrast and visualization of the cell or certain cellular components under the microscope

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11
Q

Process whereby TISSUE CONSTITUENTS ARE DEMONSTRATED in sections by direct interactions with a dye or staining solution, producing coloration of active tissue component

A

Histological staining

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12
Q

Process where by constituents of tissues are studied THROUGH CHEMICAL REACTIONS that will permit microscopic localization of specific tissue substance

A

Histochemical staining

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13
Q

Combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques to detect phenotypic markers under microscope

A

Immunohistochemical staining

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14
Q

Purified form of a coloring agent or crude dye that is generally applied in an aqueous solution

A

Histological stain

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15
Q

Parts of the cells or tissue that are ACIDIC take more of (nucleic acid)

A

BASIC dye

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16
Q

Parts of the cells or tissue that are BASIC take more of (Cytoplasm)

A

ACIDIC dye

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17
Q

Process of giving color to the sections using aqueous or alcoholic dye solution

Only ONE dye is used, which is washed away after 30-60 seconds, prior to drying and examination

A

Direct staining

E.G Methylene blue

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18
Q

Process whereby the action of the dye is intensified by ADDING other agent or mordant

Eg. Mordant, accentuator

A

Indirect staining

E.G Gram Stain

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19
Q

Serves as a link or bridge between tissue and the dye to make staining reaction possible

INTEGRAL part of the staining reaction (staining won’t be possible without this)

A

Mordant

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20
Q

Accelerates or hastens the speed of staining reaction by increasing staining power and selectivity

NOT ESSENTIAL to the chemical union of tissue and the dye

A

Accentuator

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21
Q

Process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence

Staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the tissue elements is attained

Once the dye is taken up by the tissue, IT IS NOT WASHED NOR DECOLORIZED

A

Progressive staining

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22
Q

The tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue

Most common example is H and E staining

A

Regressive staining

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23
Q

Selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining in order that a specific substance may be stained distinctly from the surround tissues

A

Differentiation/Decolorization

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24
Q

Acts as differentiator for both basic and acidic dye by dissolving excess dye

A

Alcohol

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25
Q

May act as a differentiating agent

A

Mordant

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26
Q

Staining with a color that is DIFFERENT from that of the stain itself

A

Metachromatic staining

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27
Q

Tissues are stained in color shades that are SIMILAR to the color of the dye itself

A

Orthochromatic staining

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28
Q

Process where a specific tissue element is demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts which are reduced by the tissue, producing an opaque usually BLACK deposit on the surface of tissue or bacteria

A

Metallic Impregnation

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29
Q

Not absorbed by the tissue BUT HELD physically on the surface as precipitates

A

Metallic impregnating agent

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30
Q

Reduced by argentaffin cells, forming black deposits under microscope

A

Ammoniacal silver stain

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31
Q

Blueing agent examples:

A

Tap water, Saturated lithium carbonate, 0.5% Ammonia in distilled water, Ammonium hydroxide, Scott’s Solution

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32
Q

Selective staining of living cell constituents

A

Vital Staining

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33
Q

Done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body

Example: Lithium, India Ink, Carmine

A

Intravital staining

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34
Q

Used to stain cells immediately after removal from the living body

Example:
Neutral red, Janus green, Trypan Blue, Thionine, Nile Blue, Toluidine blue

A

Supravital staining

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35
Q

What is the best vital dye?

A

Neutral red

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36
Q

Vital dye that can stain mitochondria

A

Janus Green B

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37
Q

Application with a different color for contrast and background

A

Counter staining

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38
Q

Red cytoplasmic stain

A

Eosin Y
Eosin B
Phloxine B

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39
Q

Yellow cytoplasmic stain

A

Picric acid
Orange G
Rose Bengal

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40
Q

Green Cytoplasmic stain

A

Light green
Lissamine green

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41
Q

Red Nuclear stain

A

Neutral Red
Safranin O
Carmine
Hematoxylin

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42
Q

Blue Nuclear stain

A

Methylene Blue
Toluidine Blue
Celestine Blue

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43
Q

Most widely used cytoplasmic stain

A

Eosin

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44
Q

One of the most valuable stains used for differentially staining connective tissues and cytoplasm

An Acid dye and the terms acidophilic, oxyphilic, and eosinophilic are often used

Routinely used in histopathology as a counterstain to hematoxylin

A

Eosin

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45
Q

A primary stain
Basic dye
Nuclear stain

Nuclei: Blue to blue-black

A

Hematoxylin

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46
Q

Secondary stain (Counter stain)
Acidic dye
Cytoplasmic stain

Cytoplasm: Pink

A

Eosin

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47
Q

A mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for the demonstration of CONNECTIVE TISSUES

A

Acid Fuchsin-Picric acid (Van Gieson’s stain)

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48
Q

Fiber that can be stained by Van Gieson’s stain

A

Collagen Fiber

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49
Q

Giving GREEN Fluorescence for DNA and RED Fluorescence for RNA

A

Acridine Orange

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50
Q

Permits discrimination between dead and living cells

A

Acridine Orange

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51
Q

Used for staining of hemoglobin

A

Benzidine

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52
Q

Used as a contrast stain for Gram’s technique, AFB, Papanicolau method, Diphtheria staining

A

Bismarck brown

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53
Q

From Cochineal bugs / coccus cacti

Chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations

Combined with aluminum chloride (Best’s Carmine solution) for GLYCOGEN staining (bright red color)

A

Carmine

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54
Q

Best known as an indicator (pH Indicator)

May be utilized as a stain for axis cylinders in embryos

A

Congo red

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55
Q

Congo red karjian’s technique stains what?

A

Amyloid stain

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56
Q

OLDEN of all stain

Stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes, and glycogen

A

Iodine

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57
Q

Iodine that is used for gram’s wiegert method for staining microbes and fibrin

A

Gram’s Iodine

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58
Q

Used as a test for glycogen, amyloid, and corpora amylacea

A

Lugol’s iodine

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59
Q

Stains and demonstrate mitochondria

A

Janus Green B

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60
Q

Acts as a contrast stain for ascaris eggs and erythrocytes and as a bacteria spore stain

A

Malachite Green

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61
Q

Excellent stain for elastic fibers (Tanzer Unna Orcein method)

Recommended in dermatological studies, demonstrate the finest and most delicate fibers in SKIN

A

Orcein

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62
Q

Iron stain

May be used for microanatomical color contrast of specimen

Used as an intravital stain for the circulatory system

A

Prussian Blue

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63
Q

Nuclear stain for fixed tissues

Substitute for Thionine in fresh frozen tissue sections

Recommended for NISSL GRANULE staining and chromaphilic bodies

A

Toluidine Blue

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64
Q

Tissue fixative and a decalcifying agent

Acts as a contrast stain to acid fuchsin in demonstration of collagen using Van Gieson’s stain

Acts as a cytoplasmic stain in contrast to basic dyes

Counterstain to crystal violet

A

Picric acid

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65
Q

Invented by Paldwell Trefall in 1881, The simplest among the different types of microtomes. This consists of a heavy base and two arms. The lower arm resting on pivots and a supporting column, and attached to the micrometer screw, at the base of which is found the ratchet wheel with feed mechanism.

A

Rocking Microtome

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66
Q

Invented by MINOT in 1885-86 to cut paraffin embedded tissue and is CURRENTLY the most common type used for both routine and research laboratories

Knife is fixed in horizontal position

Sections are cut between 3 and 5 um

A

Rotary Microtome

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67
Q

Developed by adams in 1789.

Two models are available, one is Base-Sledge Microtome that consist of two movable pillars holding the adjustable knife clamps allowing to bet set an angle for cutting celloidin sections

Base-Sledge microtome is favored in laboratories where very hard tissue or large blocks are usually sectioned

The second type is the standard sliding microtome. It is different from the base sledge microtome because with this instrument, the block remains stationary while the knife is MOVED backward and forward.

Developed mainly for cutting celloidin embedded tissue blocks and is MORE DANGEROUS because of the MOVABLE KNIFE.

A

Sliding Microtome

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68
Q

Invented by Queckett in 1848. Stage for block holder is hollow and perforated around its perimeter, attached to a reinforced flexible lead pipe thru which carbon dioxide passes from a cylinder.

Used to cut undehydrated thin to semi-thin sections of fresh, frozen tissues, especially in instances when rapid diagnosis is required and demonstration of histological fat is needed

A

Freezing microtome

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69
Q

A refrigerated apparatus used for freezing the tissue into the block holder to the correct degree of hardness that allows for easier and faster sectioning

Kept at temperature between -5C to -30C (Average is -20C)

Capable of freezing fresh tissues within 2-3 minutes and cutting sections of 4um with ease

A

Cryostat

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70
Q

Equipped with a glass or gem grade diamond knife that is used to cut very thin sections typically 60 to 100 nanometer of tissue embedded in EPOXY resin

Sections are stained with an aqueous solution of an appropriate heavy metal salt and examined with a TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

A

Ultrathin microtome

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71
Q

Microtome knives:
One sided of the knife is flat while the other is concave.

LESS concave sides are recommended for cutting CELLOIDIN-EMBEDDED tissue blocks on a sliding microtome

MORE concave sides are used to cut PARAFFIN sections on base-sledge, rotary or rocking microtome

A

Plane-concave knife (usually 25 mm in length)

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72
Q

Microtome knives:
With bot sides concave, recommended for cutting PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED sections on a rotary microtome

A

Biconcave knife (usually 120 mm in length)

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73
Q

Microtome knives:
Both sides are straight, recommended for frozen sections or for cutting EXREMELY HARD and TOUGH specimens embedded in paraffin blocks, using a base sledge type or sliding microtome

A

Plane-Wedge knife (Usually 100mm in length)

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74
Q

Angle formed between the cutting edges

A

Bevel angle

Normally about 27-32 degree

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75
Q

For cutting serial sections of large blocks of paraffin embedded tissues

A

Rocking microtome

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76
Q

For cutting paraffin embedded sections

A

Rotary microtome

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77
Q

For cutting celloidin embedded sections

A

Sliding microtome

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78
Q

For cutting UNEMBEDDED sections

A

Freezing microtome

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79
Q

For cutting frozen section

A

Cryostat or cold microtome

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80
Q

For cutting sections for EM

A

Ultrathin Microscope

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81
Q

Substance which can be smeared on to the slides so that the sections stick well to the slides

Choice of slide and adhesive will be influenced by the staining methods to be subsequently applied

Not necessary for routine staining

Essential for methods that require exposure of sections to acid and alkalis

A

Adhesives

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82
Q

Knives for EM
Used for trimming and semi-thin sectioning of tissue block

Washed with detergent, rinsed in distilled water, and alcohol, and dried with lint-free paper

A

Glass knives

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83
Q

Knives for EM
Used to cut and type of RESIN BLOCK- brittle and expensive but very durable

Cutting edge must be kept clean to avoid damage during sectioning

A

Diamond knives

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84
Q

Removal of gross nicks to remove blemishes, grinding the cutting edge of the knife on a stone (Carborundum)

A

Honing (HEEL TO TOE)

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85
Q

Types of hone
For manual sharpening (Best results)

A

Belgium yellow

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86
Q

Types of hone
Gives more polishing effect

A

Arkansas

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87
Q

Types of hone
Much coarser; used only for BADLY NICKED KNIVES

A

Fine carborundum

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88
Q

The process whereby the BURR formed during honing is remove and cutting edge of the knife is polished

A

Stropping (TOE TO HEEL)

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89
Q

Has a sharp cutting edge that can cut 2-4 microns thick section with ease.

Makes honing and stropping obsolete

A

Disposable blade

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90
Q

The thermostatically controlled type is preferable.

Water from a hot water tap can be used although this can give rise to air bubbles

The temperature of the water should be between 5-10C BELOW the melting point of the paraffin wax

A

Water bath

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91
Q

Temperature setting at the melting point of the wax so that no obvious damage is done to the sections and drying is complete in 30 minutes.

Hot play may also be used instead of this equipment

For more delicate tissues such as brain, a lower temp is used to avoid splitting and cracking of the section due to excessive heat

37C for 24 hours or longer is recommended

A

Drying oven or hot plate

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92
Q

A tool that is needed for handling section during cutting, and for removing folds and creases on the sections during “floating out” in water bath

A

Forceps

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93
Q

Polysaccharides of glucose, normally stored in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscles, but it may be abnormally present in certain diseases

A

Glycogen

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94
Q

Made up of hexosamines or mucus that is secreted by the goblet cells of intestinal mucosa, respiratory lining cells and certain glands

A

Mucin

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95
Q

Both glycogen and mucin are stained by

A

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)

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96
Q

A histochemical stain that will demonstrate carbohydrates and other substances in the tissues

Can help diagnose:
Glycogen storage disease
Tumors
Fungal Infection
Basement membrane disease (eg. Goodpasteur’s syndrome)
M6 Leukemia (Acute erythroleukemia/DiGuglielmo)

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

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97
Q

PAS and tissue chemical bond

A

Coulombic bonds

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98
Q

POS POSITIVE substance color:
PAS nuclei color:

A

Positive substance: Red or Magenta
Nuclei: Blue

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99
Q

PAS with diastase for glycogen
Pas nuclei color:

A

Glycogen: Red
Nuclei: Blue black

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100
Q

Best carmine color

A

Glycogen: Bright red granules
Nuclei: Blue or grayish blue
Mucin, fibrin: Weak red

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101
Q

Langhan’s iodine method for glycogen (Carleton’s method)

A

Glycogen: Mahogany brown
Tissue constituents: Yellow

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102
Q

Other carbohydrate stains

A

Fresh frozen azure - A metachromatic staining for glycosaminoglycans
Alcian blue technique
Metachromatic toluidine blue staining
Combined aldehyde fucshin-alcian blue
Mucicarmine stain
Hale’s dialyzed (Colloidal) Iron technique
Fluorescent acridine orange technique

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103
Q

Unilocular lipid-filled adipocytes that specialized in lipid STORAGE

A

White adipose tissue

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104
Q

Multilocular adipocytes that specialize in lipid BURNING

A

Brown adipose tissue

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105
Q

Appears as signet rings on H and E stain because large lipid droplet displaces the nucleus

A

Fat cells

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106
Q

Breakdown products within cells from oxidation of lipids and lipoprotein

WEAR AND TEAR PIGMENT found most commonly in heart, liver, CNS, and adrenal cortex

PAS positive and variably acid fast

A

Lipofuscin or lipochrome pigments

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107
Q

Not a real dye

Gives color to lipids simply because they are more soluble in lipid medium of the tissues, than their medium of 70% alcohol

E.G Sudan Black B, Sudan III, and Sudan IV

A

Oil soluble dyes (Lysochromes)

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108
Q

Stain that colors fat droplets BLACK

MOST SENSITIVE OF THE OIL SOLUBLE DYES

A

Sudan Black

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109
Q

Recommended for staining triglycerides (Neutral lipids) giving them a deep RED stain

A

Sudan IV (Scharlach R)

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110
Q

First sudan dye to be introduced

Good fat stain for CNS

Gives less deep and LIGHTER ORANGE STAIN

A

Sudan III

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111
Q

Oil red O method in dextrin

A

Fat - Brilliant red
Nuclei - Blue

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112
Q

Osmic acid stains for fats

A

Nuclei - Yellow-orange
Fats - Black

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113
Q

Other lipid stain

A

Nile blue sulfate for fats
Toluidine blue - acetone method for sulfatide
Borohydride-Periodic Schiff (BHPS) method for glycosides

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114
Q

Sections must be left in the oven for a minimum of ___

A

30 minutes

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115
Q

Molecules of basic dyes has what charge

A

Positive charge

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116
Q

Cell wall and cytoplasm of bacterial cells has what charge

A

Negative charge

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117
Q

A process whereby the action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent or a MORDANT which serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye

A

Indirect staining

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118
Q

A process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence, and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements are attained

A

Progressive staining

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119
Q

The tissue is overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and the excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue

Common example is H&E staining

A

Regressive staining

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120
Q

Selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining in order that a specific substance may be stained distinctly from the surrounding tissues

A

Differentiation (Decolorization)

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121
Q

Mordant that can oxidize hematoxylin to a soluble, colorless compound

A

Iron alum

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122
Q

A process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of METALLIC SALTS which are thereby reduced by the tissue, producing an opaque, usually BLACK deposit on the surface of the tissue or bacteria

A

Metallic Impregnation

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123
Q

Corner stone of tissue-based diagnosis

A

H&E

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124
Q

Stains nuclei and other parts blue in H and E

A

Hematoxylin (hematocleus)

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125
Q

Stain other structures and cytoplasm pink or red in H and E

A

Eosin (eosytoplasm)

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126
Q

Hematoxylin binds strongly to ___ and consequently binds to nuclear ___ and stains nuclei BLUE

A

Binds strongly to acids, and consequently binds to nuclear DNA

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127
Q

Most fixatives can be used in H and E staining except ___ that inhibits hematoxylin

A

Osmic acid solutions

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128
Q

H&E procedure

A
  1. Clear paraffin embedded sections in first xylene bath for 3 mins
  2. Transfer to second xylene bath for 2 to 3 minutes
  3. Immerse in first bath of absolute ethyl alcohol for 2 mins
  4. Transfer to a bath of 95% ethyl alcohol for 1 or 2 minutes
  5. Rinse in running water for 1 minute
  6. Stain with Harris alum hematoxylin for 5 mins (Ehrlich’s hematoxylin requires 15-30 mins)
    7.Wash in running tap water to remove excess stain
  7. Differentiate in 1% acid-alcohol (1mL concentrated HCL to 99ml of 80% ethyl alcohol) for 10-30 seconds
  8. Rinse in tap water
  9. Blue in ammonia water (5 mins ave) or 1% aqueous lithium carbonate until the sections appear blue
  10. Wash in running water for 5 mins
  11. Counterstain with 5% aqueous eosin for 5 mins. If alcohol eosin is used, the time can be reduced to 30seconds or 1 min
  12. If aqueous eosin is used, wash and differentiate in tap water under microscope control until the nuclei appear sharp blue to blue black and the rest of the tissue appear in shades of pink. If alcoholic solution is used, differentiate with 70% alcohol
  13. Dehydrate, clear, and mount
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129
Q

Staining in frozen section

A

Hematoxylin-Eosin method
Thionine method
Polychrome Methylene blue method
Alcoholic pinacyanol method ( Used for supravital staining of mitochondria and primarily for color sensitization in photography)

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130
Q

H&E staining of frozen section is regressive or progressive staining?

A

Progressive staining

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131
Q

Failure of staining may be due to?

A

Paraffin, Fixative, or decalcifying solution that has not been thoroughly washed out and removed.

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132
Q

A process whereby various constituents of tissues are studied thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance.

A

Histochemical staining (Histochemistry)

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133
Q

A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques using a wide range of polyclonal or monoclonal, fluorescent labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect and demonstrate tissue antigens and phenotypic markers under the microscope

A

Immunohistochemical staining (IHC)

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134
Q

The last step in tissue processing that results in a permanent histological preparation suitable for microscopy

A

Mounting

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135
Q

Sections are fixed by leaving the slides in?

A

37C incubator overnight or by placing the slides in a wax oven at 56C-60C for 2 hours, or by drying the slides on a hot plate at 45C to 55C for 30 - 45 mins

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136
Q

CNS or brain tissue drying time and temperature

A

37C for 24 hours or longer

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137
Q

Alternative to drying

A

Use of adhesives

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138
Q

A substance which can be smeared on the slides so that the sections stick well to the slides.

A

Adhesives

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139
Q

If staining is to include antigen retrieval (IHC), enzyme pretreatment for in-situ hybridization (ISH), or prolonged incubation steps. What should we do?

A

Charged slides or adhesive must be used

140
Q

Adhesives are essential for methods that require exposure of sections to?

A

Alkalis and acids (especially ammoniacal silver solutions)

141
Q

Instances when sections may float from the slide

A

For urgent cryostat sections to be submitted for immunocytochemistry
For CNS tissues
For tissues containing blood clot
For tissues which have been decalcified
When sections are to be subjected to high temperature

142
Q

Most commonly used adhesive

A

Albumin

143
Q

Albumin solution is prepared by mixing equal parts of?

A

Glycerin, distilled water, and white of eggs.

Which is then filtered through coarse filter paper and a crystal of Thymol is added

144
Q

Disadvantage of albumin

A

Retains some of the stain and gives a dirty background

145
Q

Cab be bought as a 0.1% solution and further diluted (1 in 10 with distilled water) when ready to use.

A

Poly-L-Lysine

146
Q

Adhesive ability of this substance slowly loses its effectiveness

A

Poly-L-Lysine

147
Q

A better section adhesive and coated slides can be stored for a long time

A

Aminopropyltriethyoxysilane (APES)

148
Q

It is invaluable in cytology particularly for cytosine preparation of proteinaceous or bloody material

A

Aminopropyltriethoxysilane

149
Q

Mayer’s Egg albumin formula

A

Egg white 50CC
Glycerin 50CC
Filer and add about 100 mg crystals of thymol to prevent the growth of molds

150
Q

Most commonly used because it is very easy to make
Convenient
Relatively inexpensive adhesive

A

Mayer’s Egg Albumin

151
Q

Dried Albumin formula

A

Dried albumin 5gm
Sodium Chloride 5gm
Dissolve in 100cc of Distilled water and add crystals of thymol

152
Q

Dried and stored in 70% alcohol until it is ready for staining

A

Dried Albumin

153
Q

Gelatin 1% formula

A

Gelatin 1gm
Distilled water 100mL
Glycerol 15mL
Phenol crystal 2 gm

Adding up to 30mL of 1% aqueous gelatin to the water in a floating out bath and mixing it well is a most convenient alternative to direct coating of slides

154
Q

Gelatin-formaldehyde mixture formula

A

1% gelatin 5mL
2% formaldehyde 5mL
Coat the slides with the above mixture. Allow coated slides to dry at 37C for one hour or overnight before use

155
Q

____ coated slides are very useful in cytology, particularly for cytospin preparations of proteinaceous or bloody material

A

APES (3-aminopropylethoxysilane)

156
Q

A syrupy fluid applied between the section and the coverslip after staining, setting the section firmly, and preventing the movement of the cover slip

A

Mounting Medium

157
Q

Protects the stained section from getting scratched, to facilitate easy handling and storage of the slides and to prevent bleaching or deterioration due oxidation, thereby preserving the slides for permanent keeping

A

Mounting medium

158
Q

Governs the contrast between the cellular detail and the background

A

Refractive index

159
Q

The slide then may be incubated at ___C for __ - __ hours after mounting to harden the medium

A

37C for 12-24 hours

160
Q

Setting may be hastened in a hot oven at __C for _ hours

A

50C for 2 hours

161
Q

Used for mounting sections from distilled water when the stains would be decolorized or removed by alcohol and xylene as would be the case with most of the fat stains or for metachromic staining of amyloid

A

Aqueous mounting media

162
Q

Usually made up of gelatin, glycerin jelly, or gum arabic (to solidify the medium), glycerol (to prevent cracking and drying of the preparation), sugar (to increase the refractive-index), and a preservative solution

A

Aqueous mounting media

163
Q

Aqueous mounting media examples:
Has a low RI, moderately transparent and evaporates easily, hence good only for temporary mounting.
Does not allow tissue to be examined under OIO

A

Water

164
Q

Aqueous mounting media examples:
May also be used as a preservative.
Refractive index is 1.46
Sets quite hard and will keep sections mounted for years, especially if sealed on the edged with paraffin wax
MISCIBLE with water
Inexpensive and non-poisonous

Disadvantages is that it is difficult to prepare slides that are truly permanent in nature because it is a thick liquid, it can slowly run off a slide that is tilted

A

Glycerin

165
Q

Glycerin Jelly (Kaiser’s 1880) Formula and Refractive index

A

Refractive index: 1.47
Formula:
Gelatin 10gm
Glycerol 70mL
Distilled water 60mL
Phenol crystals 0.25gm

Gelatin is added to distilled water and incubated in a water bath at 60C until dissolved.
Glycerol and then phenol crystals are added and mixed.

Stored in a ref at 40C. Heated at 60C for use

166
Q

Standard mounting medium used when dehydration and clearing with xylene cannot be made (as in fat stains)

A

Glycerin Jelly

167
Q

Has the highest index of refraction and thus provides the best viewing and may be optimal for critical or irreplaceable material

A

Pure glycerin

168
Q

Often used as a mountant in immunofluorescence microscopy

Alternative for glycerin jelly

A

PVA

169
Q

Farrant’s Medium Refractive index and formula

A

Refractive index is 1.43
Formula:
Gum arabic 50gm
Distilled water 50mL
Glycerol 50mL
Sodium merthiolate 0.025gm

Dissolve gum arabic in distilled water with gentle heating and add glycerol and sodium merthiolate. Mix well and label

170
Q

May be used as a substitute of sodium erthiolate for preservation of the medium

A

Arsenic trioxide

171
Q

Addition of _____ in Farrant’s medium will produce a neutral instead of an acid (pH7.2 > pH 4.4) and therefore will rase the Refractive index to 1.44

A

50gm potassium acetate

172
Q

Apathy’s medium Refractive index and formula

A

Refractive index 1.52
Formula:
Pure gum arabic (crystals not powder) 50 gm
Pure can sugar or sucrose 50gm
Distilled water 50mL
Thymol crystals 0.05gm

173
Q

This medium is used for methylene blue-stained never preparations and as a general purpose aqueous mountant

One of the most useful aqueous mountants for fluorescent microscopy, being virually non-fluorescent

pH is 4.0 (Highly acidic)

Does not require ringing

A

Von apathy’s medium

174
Q

Adding this into Von apathy’s medium will raise the pH to near 7.0 and will prevent bleeding of metachromatic stains for amyloid

A

20g of calcium chloride or 10g of sodium chloride

175
Q

Brun’s fluid Formula

A

Glucose 24gm
Glycerin 6mL
Spirits of camphor 6mL
Distilled water 84mL

Mix, shake well, and filter. Store the solution in a well-stoppered bottle

176
Q

Recommended for mounting frozen sections from water

A

Brun’s Fluid

177
Q

Frozen section that are mounted directly from water, or paraffin sections which require dehydration and clearing, usually should be mounted on?

A

Glycerin, Gum syrup, or Brun’s Fluid

178
Q

Used for preparations that have been dehydrated and cleared in xylene or toluene, and are recommended for MAJORITY of staining methods

A

Resinous mounting media

179
Q

A natural resin extracted from the canadian tree, abus malsamea, usually dissolved in xylene in an incubator at 37C or paraffin oven at 58 C, and filtered obtaining the desired consistency by controlled evaporation of the solvent

Refractive index is 1.524

A

Canada Balsam

180
Q

Transparent, almost colorless oleoresin that adheres firmly to glass and sets to a hard consistency without granulation.

Darkens slightly with age and slowly becomes acid because it oxidizes xylene causing gradual fading of many stains

A

Canada balsam

181
Q

Recommended for whole mounts and for thick sections because it does not shrink much

A

Canada Balsam

182
Q

This is a resinous medium recommended for small tissue sections but not for whole mounts because of shrinkage produced on drying

Refractive index is 1.532

It is prepared by dissolving the common plastic, polystyrene in a suitable hydrocarbon solvent (usually xylene)

A

Dibutyl Phthalate and Xylene

183
Q

A synthetic resin mixture in xylene, available in a pale yellow or colorless solution

Dries quickly without retraction and preserves stains well

Sections are Quickly mounted from xylene

Refractive index is 1,52

A

XAM

184
Q

A synthetic resin which is soluble in xylene (Used as a 60% solution in xylene)

Generally preferred over DPX

Refractive index is 1.544

A

Clarite or Clarite X

185
Q

Generally suitable for all enzymatic label/chromogen combinations and fluorescent labels

Specimens mounted in such media are mounted straight from the aqueous phase with no dehydration or clearing

A

Aqueous mounting medium

186
Q

Aqueous mounting media for phycobiliprotein fluorescent labels (Phycoerythrin, Phycocyanin) must NOT contain ____ as this quenches the staining intensity

A

Glycerol

187
Q

Exposure to _____ of most fluorescent labels results in diminished staining, a process known as photo bleaching

A

Excitation light

188
Q

Most useful aqueous mountant for fluorescent microscopy with a refractive index of 1.52

A

Apathy’s Medium

189
Q

Stained section on the slide must be covered with a thin piece plastic or glass to protect the tissue from being scratched, to provide better optical quality for viewing under the microscope, and to preserve the tissue section for years to come

A

Cover slipping

190
Q

When the mounting media is too thin what will form under the coverslip

A

Bubbles

191
Q

Other than thin mounting media, what can cause bubbled appearance under the microscope

A

Contamination of clearing agents

192
Q

A process of sealing the margins of the cover-slip to prevent the escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts and evaporation of mountant.

It is also the process to fix the coverslip in place, and to prevent sticking of the slides upon storage

A

Ringing

193
Q

Ringing media used that is made up of two parts paraffin wax mixed with 4-9 parts powdered colophonium resin, heated and filtered

A

Kronig cement

194
Q

After soaking the broken slide in xylene to remove the cover slip and placing it in incubator for 37C until all the mounant has been covered. The whole slide will be covered with what?

A

6 parts butyl acetate and 1 part durofix and left in the incubator for 30 mins until the mixture hardens into a film

195
Q

Two types of trimming:
Sides, tips, and bottom of the tissue are trimmed using a knife or a blade to form a truncated pyramid/ 4-sided prism

A

Coarse Trimming

196
Q

Two types of trimming:
Block is placed in the microtome - setting the adjuster at 15mm or by advance the block using the coarse feed mechanism where the surface is trimmed away until the entire tissue surface has been exposed

A

Fine trimming

197
Q

Process wherein a process tissue is cut into uniformly thin slices using microtome to facilitate studies under the microscope

A

Sectioning or cutting

198
Q

For paraffin embedded tissue blocks which may be cut by ROCKING and ROTARY microtome

A

Paraffin Sections

199
Q

For celloidin embedded tissues which are usually cut by means of the SLIDING MICROTOME

A

Celloidin sections

200
Q

Which may be cut from the tissues that have been fixed and frozen with CO2 or for fresh or fixed tissues frozen with CRYOSTAT

A

Frozen section

201
Q

Thickness of paraffin section

A

4-6 um

202
Q

Thickness of Celloidin section

A

10-15 um

203
Q

Thickness of frozen section

A

10 um

204
Q

Thickness of ultrathin section: Semithin

A

0.5-1.0 um

Glass knives are used

205
Q

Thickness of ultrathin section: Ultrathin

A

500-1200 A or 50-120 nm

Diamond knives are used

206
Q

Section cut is picked by:

A

Index finger
Camel hairbrush
Spatula
Flat beaded forceps

207
Q

Tissues which tend to crumble (Blood clot or bone marrow) or do not form a smooth flat surface can be section with ease, ____ into the block surface while the section is being cut slowly, to reduce the effect of static electricity

A

Exhaling gently

208
Q

Generally, a ____ cutting stroke produces the best results and the least compression

A

Slow, uniform

209
Q

Sections are removed in ribbons of ___ to allow easy location of serial sections

A

Ten

210
Q

The sections are then floated out on a water bath set at 45-50C which is lower or higher than how many of the melting point of the wax?

A

6-10% lower than the melting point of the wax

211
Q

Main goal of floating the tissue

A

To flatten the section

212
Q

Sections should not be left on the water bath for how many seconds?

A

longer than 30 seconds because it will have an expansion and distortion of tissue

213
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Brittle or hard tissue

A

Reason: Prolonged fixation, Prolonged dehydration, prolonged clearing, prolonged paraffin infiltration, overheated paraffin, drying out of tissues before actual examination

Remedy: Use tissue softeners (Phenol or molliflex)

214
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Clearing agent turns milky

A

Reason: Incomplete dehydration

Remedy: Repeat dehydration with absolute alcohol

215
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Tissue smells of clearing agent

A

Reason: Clearing agent not removed, incomplete impregnation

Remedy: Block is trimmed down nearest to the tissue. Remaining wax is melted on embedding oven and paraffin impregnation is repeated, changing the paraffin at least once before blocking

216
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Tissue is opaque

A

Reasons: Incomplete clearing

Remedy: Repeat clearing. If already embedded, clear up to 12 hrs

217
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Tissue shrinks away from wax when trimmed

A

Reason: Insufficient dehydration, incomplete clearing and impregnation

Remedy: Repeat the whole procedure

218
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Tissue is soft when block is trimmed

A

Reason: Incomplete fixation

Remedy: Repeat fixation

219
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Airholes found on tissue during trimming

A

Reason: Incomplete impregnation

Remedy: Repeat impregnation

220
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Frozen tissue crumbled and comes off the block holder when cut

A

Reason: Freezing is not adequate

Remedy: Refreeze the tissue block

221
Q

Faults or problems observed when cutting sections:
Frozen tissue chips into fragment when cutting

A

Reason: Tissue is frozen too much

Remedy: Warm the tissue with the fingers

222
Q

Dyes that are obtained from plants and animals, previously utilized for dyeing of wool and cotton

A

Natural Dyes

223
Q

A natural dye derived by extraction from the core or the heartwood of a mexican tree known as ______

A

Hematoxylin

The tree is known as Hematoxylin Campechianum

224
Q

The most valuable staining reagent used by the cytologist due to its powerful nuclear and chromatin staining capacity

Its striking polychrome properties may be produced with proper differentiation

Used after almost any fixative and is a permanent stain

A

Hematoxylin

225
Q

Hematoxylin is a true basic dye?

A

Hematoxylin is not a true basic dye

226
Q

Active coloring agent of hematoxylin

A

Hematin

227
Q

How does hematin form?

A

Formed by the oxidation of hematoxylin, a process known as ripening

Accomplished by exposing the substance to air and sunlight, thereby oxidizing hematoxylin

228
Q

Artificial ripening of hematoxylin

A

By adding strong oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, mercuric oxide, potassium permanganate, sodium perborate, or sodium iodate

229
Q

Recommended for progressive staining of tissues and are usually counterstained with Eosin, Congo red, and Safranin

A

Alum hematoxylin

230
Q

Rapid ripening of Ehrlich’s reagent is brought by the addition of?

A

Sodium Iodate

231
Q

Harris’ solution of hematoxylin is ripened with?

A

Mercuric Chloride

232
Q

Iron hematoxylin compounds are used only for?

A

Differential or regressive staining using acid-alcohol for differentiating agent

233
Q

Hematoxylin solution that is utilized for the study of spermatogenesis

A

Copper Hematoxylin solution

233
Q

Used frequently in histology to examine thin sections of tissue

A

Hematoxylin and Eosin staining protocol

234
Q

An old histologic dye extracted from coccus cacti / Cochineal bug

A

Cochineal dyes

235
Q

Liquid that are extracted from cochineal bug/ coccus cacti is then treated with alum to produce what?

A

Carmine

236
Q

Widely used as a powerful chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and smear preparation

A

Carmine (Cochineal dyes)

237
Q

When carmine is combined with picric acid, it is extensively used in neuropathological studies

A

Picrocarmine

238
Q

Carmine combine with aluminum chloride that is used for the demonstration of GLYCOGEN

A

Best’s carmine stain

239
Q

A vegetable dye extracted from certain lichens which are normally colorless, but when treated with AMMONIA and EXPOSED TO AIR, it will produce blue or violet colors

A

Orcein

240
Q

A weak acid, soluble in alkali, and is mainly used for staining ELASTIC FIBERS

A

Orcein

241
Q

Obtained from lichens, treated with lime and soda, and exposed to ammonia and air

Not used as a cytological stain because of its poor staining property

Used mainly as an INDICATOR

A

Litmus

242
Q

Synthetic dyes are sometimes known as

A

Coal tar dyes

243
Q

Originally manufactured from substances that have been taken from coal tar

A

Synthetic dyes

244
Q

Derived from the hydro-carbon benzene and are collectively known as

A

Aniline dyes

245
Q

Substances with definite atomic groupings and are capable of producing visible colors

A

Chromopores

246
Q

Simple benzene compounds which contain such substances are known as

A

Chromogens

247
Q

Before chromogen can be called a dye, it needs this substance to be added

A

Auxochrome

248
Q

Active coloring substance is found in the acid component and the inactive base is usually the sodium salt of a sulfonate of rosaniline

A

Acid dyes

249
Q

The only substance that can fix, differentiate, and stain tissue all by itself

A

Picric acid

250
Q

Where the active coloring substance is found in a basic component that combines with the acid radical

A

Basic dyes

251
Q

An example of a basic unclear stain that can be used as an indicator and as a dye

A

Methylene Blue

252
Q

Tissues fixed in these fixatives usually favor staining with basic dyes

A

Mercuric chloride and formaldehyde

253
Q

Formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes, capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially

A

Neutral dyes

254
Q

Because of large molecular complexes, this dye is insoluble or barely soluble in water BUT they are usually soluble in alcohol

A

Neutral dye

255
Q

A staining solution most commonly used for routine histologic studies

A

Hematoxylin

256
Q

Mordants in hematoxylin used to demonstrate nuclear end cytoplasmic structures are?

A

Alum and iron

257
Q

Among the many methods used to demonstrate mitochondria by light microscopy, the most permanent and the simplest is?

A

Regaud’s modification of iron hematoxylin

258
Q

Hematoxylin variation the is especially for the study of mitosis

Can be used after almost any fixative

A

Haidenhain’s Hematoxylin

259
Q

One of the most valuable stains used for differentially staining connective tissues and cytoplasm

Routinely used in histopathology and as a counterstain in hematoxylin

A

Eosin

260
Q

Most commonly used eosin. It is readily soluble in water, less in alcohol

Available in both aqueous and alcoholic solutions

Showing a green yellow fluorescence especially in alcoholic medium

A

Eosin Y (Yellowish)

261
Q

Eosin compound that has a very faint bluish cast

A

Eosin B

262
Q

A stain that are based on a combination of eosinate (chemically reduced eosin) and methylene blue

A

Romanowsky stains

263
Q

Preferred over H and E for inspection of blood cells because different type of leukocytes can be readily distinguished

All are also suited to examination of blood to detect blood-borne parasites like malaria

A

Romanowsky stain

264
Q

Mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for demonstration of CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Acid Fuchsin-Picric Acid (Van Gieson’s stain)

265
Q

May be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or mitochondria

A

Acid Fuchsin (Masson stain)

266
Q

A basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between DEAD AND LIVING CELLS

Green Fluorescence for DNA and red Fluorescence for RNA

A

Acridine Orange

267
Q

Used to demonstrate deposits of calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activities

A

Acridine Red 3B

268
Q

A complex, water-soluble phthalocyanin dye, similar to chlorophyll, which stains acid mucopolysaccharides by forming salt linkages with them

Simple, produces a striking blue color, and it is resistant to various counterstaining procedure

A

Alcian Blue

269
Q

Combined with PAS, as it stains acidic mucins BLUE, whereas PAS stains neutral mucins red

A

Alcian Blue

270
Q

Forms an orange=red lake with calcium at pH of 4.2

Works best with small amounts of calcium (Such as in michaelis-gutman bodies)

Used on the DUPON ACA analyzer to measure serum calcium photometrically

A

Alizarin Red S

271
Q

A cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining of epithelial sections

A

Aniline Blue

272
Q

Nuclei are deep red; cytoplasm is pale red

A

Azocarmine

273
Q

A plasma stain utilized also for deep staining of acid-fast organisms, for mitochondria, for differentiation of smooth muscles with the use of picric acid

A

Basic Fuchsin

274
Q

Sodium metabisulphite 1gm
1N hydrochloric acid 10mL

A

Coleman’s Feulgen Reagent

275
Q

Sodium metabisulphite ANHYDROUS 1gm
NORMAL hydrochloric acid 20mL

A

Schiff’s Reagent

276
Q

Basic fuchsin 0.5gm
95% ethyl alcohol 50mL
DH2O 50mL

A

Mallory’s Fuchsin stain

277
Q

Concentrated HCL 1mL
Paraldehyde 1mL
0.5% basic fuchsin in 70% alcohol 100mL

A

Aldehyde Fuchsin (Gomori’s stain)

278
Q

Used for staining hemoglobin

A

Benzidine

279
Q

A contrast stain for gram’s technique, in acid fast and papanicolau’s method, and for staining diphteria organisms

A

Bismarck Brown

280
Q

Used as a chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations.

Slightly soluble in water at a neutral reaction

Usually kept in ammoniacal solution which changes its properties due to oxidation

A

Carmine

281
Q

Most important component of carmine is?

A

Carminic acid

282
Q

Carmine that is combined with aluminum chloride to stain GLYCOGEN

A

Best carmine solution

283
Q

A mordanted dye acting as a basic dye and staining acidic substances

A

Carmalum Solution (Mayer’s solution)

284
Q

An oxazine dye used as an alternative to iron hematoxylin nuclear stain

Produce a strong and precise nuclear stain that is resistant to decolorization by succeeding acid stains and solutions

A

Celestine blue

285
Q

Best known as an indicator, may be utilized as a stain for axis cylinders in embryos

A

Congo red

286
Q

Used as 4% aqueous solution in staining elastic tissues and myelin

Used to identify deposits of protein in tissue called amyloid

A

Congo red

287
Q

Commonly used in histology to stain nervous tissues

Stains the acidic components of the neuronal cytoplasm violet specifically NISSL BODIES

A

Cresyl Violet

288
Q

A nuclear or chromatin stain used for staining amyloid in frozen sections and platelets in blood

Gentian violet is the staining solution formed by the mixture of this dye, methyl violet, and dexterin

A

Crystal violet

289
Q

Routinely used for the identification of specific or highly selective cellular epitopes or antigens in frozen or paraffin-embedded tissues

A

Immunohistochemistry

290
Q

Most common antibody in IHC

A

IgG

291
Q

Produced by immunizing an animal with a purified specific molecule that contains the antigen of interest and collecting immunoglobulin-rich serum after the animal has produced humoral antibody against the antigen

A

Polyclonal antibodies

292
Q

Most frequently used animal for polyclonal antibodies

A

Rabbit

followed by goat, pig, sheep, horse, guinea pig

293
Q

Animals immunized with the SPECIFIC immunogen will produce numerous clones of plasma cells that in turn will produce the antibody

A

Monoclonal antibodies

294
Q
A
295
Q

Animal used for monoclonal antibodies

A

Mice

296
Q

Techniques that have been developed to produce monoclonal antibodies that do not cross-react with other molecules

A

Hybridoma and cloning techniques

297
Q

IHC sections are fixed in

A

absolute methanol or acetone to prevent immunological activity and prevent destruction of some oft he labile antigenic sites

298
Q

Pre-treated with proteolytic enzymes to break down formalin cross-linking, unmask and allow certain antigenic sites to be exposed

A

Formalin fixed paraffin sections

299
Q

Proteolytic enzyme digestion is specially useful for demonstrating

A

Heavy chain immunoglobulins, complement and specific antigens such as cytokeratin in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded biopsies

300
Q

Most common enzymes for proteolytic enzyme digestion is

A

Trypsin and protease

301
Q

A simple laboratory technique that has become an essential part of many immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization procedures, is a pretreatment method used to improve staining results

A

Heat-induced epitope retrieval

302
Q

HIER heating sources

A

Microwave, vegetable steamer, pressure cooker, and water bath

303
Q

A relatively new technique that involves the boiling of formalin-fixed deparaffinized sections in certain solutions, such as 0.01 M-citrate buffer (pH 6.0), EDTA at pH 8.0 or Tris Edta (pH 10.0)

A

Microwave antigen retrieval

304
Q

Another alternative of antigen retrieval that appears to be less time consuming and allows for more consistent recovery of many antigens, compared to large batch microwave oven technique

A

Pressure cooking antigen retrieval

305
Q

A highly sensitive marker for epithelial cells, and is present in epithelial tumors.

A

Keratin

306
Q

More frequently found in carcinomas of the lung, breast, uterus, and ovaries

Negative for CK20

A

CK7

307
Q

More common in carcinomas of the colon and stomach

Negative for CK7

A

CK20

308
Q

a HMW protein that is helpful in determining the site of tumoe

A

Epithelial membrane antigen

309
Q

An oncofetal antigen that is present in carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary, uterus, and cervix

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

310
Q

CEA IS ___ in adenocarcinoma and ____ in mesothelioma

A

Positive in adenocarcinoma
Negative in mesothelioma

311
Q

Useful in distinguishing lung adenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas

A

TTF-1
Thyroid transcription factor -1

312
Q

Extremely useful in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

PSA

313
Q

A contractile intermediate filament protein present in muscle and some non-muscle tissue

Sensitive marker for muscle differentiation and can be used to identify tumors derived from smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle

A

Actin

314
Q

a 57kD intermediate filament protein present in normal mesenchymal cells and their neoplastic counterparts

A

Vimentin

315
Q

Melanomas, and schwannomas always stain positive for

A

Vimentin

316
Q

a 53kD intermediate filament expressed by smooth and striated muscle

Highly specific for myogenic tumors, including leiomyoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Desmin

317
Q

a 51 kD intermediate filament protein expressed by CNS glial cells, particularly astrocytes

Widely used to confirm the diagnosis of astrocytoma

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

318
Q

Expressed in cells of neural origin, particularly neurons, neuronal processes, peripheral nerves, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and neuroendocrine cells

A

Neurofilaments

319
Q

a low molecular weight CALCIUM-BINDING protein that is expressed in CNS

A

S-100 protein

320
Q

Most common immunohistochemical markers used to assess proliferation of tumor cells

A

Ki-67 and PCNA

321
Q

____ considered to be a more sensitive method than immunofluorescence

A

Chromogenic detection

322
Q

More sensitive than the traditional direct technique, and is suitable for frozen section immunohistochemistry

A

Enhanced polymer one-step staining method

323
Q

A technique in immunohistochemistry that is a 2 or 3 step procedure that involved application of the unconjugated primary antibody, followed by a labeled antibody directed against the first antibody

A

Indirect technique

324
Q

Most commonly used enzyme for indirect antibody enzyme-complex techniques

A

Horseradish peroxidase

325
Q

Remains a standard method among most laboratories, especially in combination with frozen section processing for immunofluorescence of renal and skin biopsies

A

Paraffin wax section immunoperoxidase technique

326
Q

Most common chromogen

A

Diaminobenzidine (DAB)

327
Q

Recommended technique for use on blood and bone marrow smears

A

APAAP

328
Q

Cytologic collection and preparation
Samples of endocervical canal

A

Endocervical brush

329
Q

Cytologic collection and preparation
For patients with hysterectomy

A

Vaginal scrape

330
Q

Cytologic collection and preparation
Used for vaginal hormonal evaluation

A

Lateral vaginal scrape

331
Q

Cytologic collection and preparation
Localization of vaginal adenosis

A

Four quadrant vaginal scrape

332
Q

Cytologic collection and preparation
Detection of herpetic lesions or carcinoma

A

Vulvar scrape

333
Q

Pale pink cytoplasm
and dark pyknotic nuclei

A

Mature superficial cells

334
Q

Elongated cells with basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm

A

Intermediate cells

335
Q

BOAT shaped intermediate cells with strong tendency to fold/curl on edges

A

Navicular cells

336
Q

Round/oval boat shaped cells with translucent basophilic cytoplasm observed greatest at the center of the cell

A

Pregnancy cells

337
Q

Round to oval (fried sunny side-up egg appearance)

A

Parabasal cells

338
Q

Small cells, slightly cylindrical with less basophilic cytoplasm, occurring in tightly packed groups of 3 or more

A

Endometrial cells

339
Q

Honeycomb appearance

A

Endocervical glandular cells

340
Q

Found in puberty after menopause

A

Basal cells

341
Q

Most common organism of the normal vaginal flora

Maintains the acidic pH of vagina

Stains BLUE to LAVENDER with pap’s method

A

Doderlain Bacillus

342
Q

Abnormal variation of squamous epithelial cells that are granular and irregular in appearance

Indicative of bacterial vaginosis (G. vaginalis)

A

Clue cells

343
Q

Wrinkled prune appearance surrounded by perinuclear halo

Squamous cells that shows CPE of HPV

A

Koilocyte

344
Q

Fern or palm leaf patter

A

Arborization

345
Q

Basis of early detection of early pregnancy

A

Fern test

346
Q

A dirty knife edge can cause this fault

A

Sections roll up

347
Q
A

MTAP 2 BABY (5 decks)

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