Hematology (Ma'am Agnes lectures) Flashcards
Serum contains what coagulation factors
F I, F V. F VIII:C, F XIII
What coagulation factor is not completely consumed in serum
F II
>80% is consumed
<20% remains called RESIDUAL PROTHROMBIN
In what type of liquid part of the blood has fibrinogen
Plasma because it is not clotted
Plasma is 55% of the blood’s total volume which is composed of?
Proteins 7% and it is composed of: (FAG)
Fibrinogen 7%- Main clotting protein
Albumin 55% - Maintains osmotic balance between blood and the tissue fluid
Globulin 38% - Transport other substances
Water 91.5%
Other solutes - Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nutrients, Hormones
Erythrocytes is composed of
Matured anucleate red blood cells
Mature RBCs are anucleated
Buffy coat is how many percent in blood
Less than 1%
Three layers of buffy coat
Upper most - Platelets (less dense)
Middle layer - Monocytes and Lymphocytes (Agranulocytes)
Lower layer - Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophils (Granulocytes) together with reticulocytes
In vitro blood coagulates in what minutes?
5-10 minutes
Blood is thick and viscous _ - _ times thicker than water
3.5 - 4.5 thicker than water (5 times)
Total blood volume of male female and newborn
Male: 5-6L adult
Female: 4-5 L
Newborn: 250-350 mL
Resistance of blood to flow is called
Viscosity
Venous and Arterial blood pH
Venous blood: 7.35
Arterial blood: 7:45
Viscosity of the blood depends on
RBCs and Plasma protein
pH of the blood is maintained by
Buffering system
Organs that maintains the pH of the blood
Lung, Kidney, Brain
Neutralizes any acidic substance in the bloodstream (prevents blood to be acidic)
carbonate
Works in the internal fluid of the cell
Phosphate, protein, hemoglobin
Ratio of the density of the substance to the density of a reference substance
Blood specific gravity
SG of whole blood, serum, and plasma
Whole blood: 1.045 - 1.066
Serum: 1.024 - 1.028
Plasma: 1.025 - 1.029
Specific gravity depends on
RBCs and Plasma protein
Diagnosis of anemia
decrease of either of the ff hemoglobin, HCT, RBC
Diagnosis of polycythemia
increase of either of the ff hemoglobin, HCT, RBC
Estimation of blood loss
Through hematocrit - determine the volume of packed red cells
To check infection
WBC increase = Leukocytosis
WBC decrease = Leukopenia
Abnormal count
Abnormal count of WBC/RBC and diff count
WBC reference value
4.0 - 11.5 x 10^9 /L
Method of Hb determination
Acid hematin and Cyanmethemoglobin
Universal standard of Hb determination
Cyanmethemoglobin
Cyanmethemoglobin can measure all types of hemoglobin except for
Sulfhemoglobin - Cannot be converted into cyanmethemoglobin
Use to assess the Erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow
Reticulocytes count (Retics are seen in the peripheral blood if there is a hemolysis present in the body thus the bone marrow compensates by releasing reticulocytes)
Reference range of reticulocyte count (adult)
0.5 - 1.5%
Reference range of reticulocyte count (Newborn)
2 - 6 %
Stain for reticulocyte count and what ratio
Supravital stain such as new methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue
1:1 ratio (5ml of blood = 5ml of supravital stain) incubate for 15 mins at 37c
Why is supravital stain the only stain for retics?
Supravital stain stains living cell, reticulocytes have RNA remnants
ESR methods
Wintrobe
Westergren
Rate of fall of RBC in an hour
ESR (mm/hr)
Good indicator of inflammation
ESR (not specific)
