IPHP3

Question 1

proposes that
something is true if it
makes sense when
placed in a certain
situation or context.

Answer 1

coherence theory

Question 2

states that
something is true if it
corresponds to reality
or the actual state of
affair.

Answer 2

correspondence theory

Question 3

is a philosophical
concept that there are no
absolute truths. An idea or
principle is only true within
a particular context, and
thus it is possible for
alternative truths to exist in
various contexts or
situations

Answer 3

relativism

Question 4

holds that knowledge is
shaped by social forces
and influenced by culture
and history. What is true,
or what a person considers
to true, is shaped by his
society and culture

Answer 4

constructivist theory

Question 5

views knowledge as
based on agreement,
and that something is
true if almost everyone
agrees that it is true.

Answer 5

consensus theory

Question 6

holds the view that
something is true if we
can put it into practice or
is useful in real life. It also
believes that ideas should
be continually tested to
confirm their validity.

Answer 6

pragmatic theory

Question 7

considers that the
idea must be
verified using the
senses or
experience.

Answer 7

verificationsim

Question 8

are faulty arguments made by
flawed reasoning.
are errors in reasoning or
arguments that make them appear
convincing even though they are not
logically sound. They can be thought of as
“tricks” or mistakes people make when
trying to persuade others or prove a point

Answer 8

fallacies

Question 9

Attacking the person making the argument
instead of the argument itself

Answer 9

ad hominem

Question 10

Using the threat of force or an undesirable
event to advance an argument.

Answer 10

appeal to force

Question 11

appeal to force

Answer 11

argumentum ad baculum

Question 12

Using emotions such as pity or sympathy.

Answer 12

appeal to emotion

Question 13

appeal to emotion

Answer 13

argumentum ad passiones

Question 14

the idea is presented as acceptable because
a lot of people accept it

Answer 14

appeal to popularity

Question 15

appeal to popularity

Answer 15

argumentum ad populum

Question 16

The idea is acceptable because it has been
true for a long time.

Answer 16

appeal to tradition

Question 17

appeal to tradition

Answer 17

argumentum ad antiquitatem

Question 18

Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is
true; also known as “circular argument.”

Answer 18

begging the question

Question 19

begging the question

Answer 19

petitio principii

Question 20

Assuming a “cause-and-effect” relationship
between unrelated events

Answer 20

cause and effect

Question 21

cause and effect

Answer 21

post hoc

Question 22

Assuming that what is true for a part is true
for the whole.

Answer 22

fallacy of composition

Question 23

Assuming that what is true for the whole is
true for its parts.

Answer 23

fallacy of division

Question 24

he personal view of the person
presenting it.
are tendencies or influences
which affect the views of people.
can affect how individuals
approach philosophical questions,
interpret philosophical texts, or engage
in philosophical debates.

Answer 24

bias

Question 25

are established truths, easily
verified, and do not easily change
from one situation to another.

Answer 25

facts

Question 26

are more subjective and
may express certain views and
beliefs.

Answer 26

opinion

Question 27

Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her
actions, without regard for external factors or
influences.

Answer 27

correspondence bias or attribution effect

Question 28

Tendency to look for and readily accept
information which fits with one’s own beliefs or
views and to reject ideas or views that go against
it

Answer 28

confirmation bias

Question 29

Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem
while ignoring other aspects.

Answer 29

framing

Question 30

he tendency to see past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to
historical events.

Answer 30

hindsight or i knew it all along effect

Question 31

A person or group is connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue being discussed.

Answer 31

conflict of interest

Question 32

Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s
cultural standards

Answer 32

cultural bias