IPHP3 Flashcards
proposes that
something is true if it
makes sense when
placed in a certain
situation or context.
coherence theory
states that
something is true if it
corresponds to reality
or the actual state of
affair.
correspondence theory
is a philosophical
concept that there are no
absolute truths. An idea or
principle is only true within
a particular context, and
thus it is possible for
alternative truths to exist in
various contexts or
situations
relativism
holds that knowledge is
shaped by social forces
and influenced by culture
and history. What is true,
or what a person considers
to true, is shaped by his
society and culture
constructivist theory
views knowledge as
based on agreement,
and that something is
true if almost everyone
agrees that it is true.
consensus theory
holds the view that
something is true if we
can put it into practice or
is useful in real life. It also
believes that ideas should
be continually tested to
confirm their validity.
pragmatic theory
considers that the
idea must be
verified using the
senses or
experience.
verificationsim
are faulty arguments made by
flawed reasoning.
are errors in reasoning or
arguments that make them appear
convincing even though they are not
logically sound. They can be thought of as
“tricks” or mistakes people make when
trying to persuade others or prove a point
fallacies
Attacking the person making the argument
instead of the argument itself
ad hominem
Using the threat of force or an undesirable
event to advance an argument.
appeal to force
appeal to force
argumentum ad baculum
Using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
appeal to emotion
appeal to emotion
argumentum ad passiones
the idea is presented as acceptable because
a lot of people accept it
appeal to popularity
appeal to popularity
argumentum ad populum
The idea is acceptable because it has been
true for a long time.
appeal to tradition
appeal to tradition
argumentum ad antiquitatem
Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is
true; also known as “circular argument.”
begging the question
begging the question
petitio principii
Assuming a “cause-and-effect” relationship
between unrelated events
cause and effect
cause and effect
post hoc
Assuming that what is true for a part is true
for the whole.
fallacy of composition
Assuming that what is true for the whole is
true for its parts.
fallacy of division
he personal view of the person
presenting it.
are tendencies or influences
which affect the views of people.
can affect how individuals
approach philosophical questions,
interpret philosophical texts, or engage
in philosophical debates.
bias
are established truths, easily
verified, and do not easily change
from one situation to another.
facts
are more subjective and
may express certain views and
beliefs.
opinion
Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her
actions, without regard for external factors or
influences.
correspondence bias or attribution effect
Tendency to look for and readily accept
information which fits with one’s own beliefs or
views and to reject ideas or views that go against
it
confirmation bias
Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem
while ignoring other aspects.
framing
he tendency to see past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to
historical events.
hindsight or i knew it all along effect
A person or group is connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue being discussed.
conflict of interest
Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s
cultural standards
cultural bias
