IPHP1 Flashcards
4 questions of philosophers
reality
certainty
causality
ethics
he coined the term philosophy
pythagoras
A mathematician and scientist,
he was credited with the
formulation of the Pythagorean
theorem. His work earned him
many followers, and he
established a community of
learners who were devoted to
the study of religion and
philosophy
Pythagoras
a fool is known by his speech and wise by his silence
pythagoras
He proposed that everything
that exist is based on a higher
order or plan which he called
logos. For him, change is
permanent aspect of the human
condition, and he was credited
with the saying, “No man steps
on the same water twice.
heraclitus
there is nothing permanent except change
heraclitus
He devoted himself to
studying the cause of
natural phenomena. He was
among the first to propose
that matter is composed of a
tiny particles called atoms.
democritus
everywhere man blames nature and fate yet his fate is most mostly but the echo of his character and passion
democritus
He devoted himself to
studying the cause of
natural phenomena. He was
among the first to propose
that matter is composed of a
tiny particles called atoms.
diogenes of sinope
it is not that i am mad it is that my head is different from yours
democritus
He believed that philosophy
could enable man to live a life
of happiness
epicurus
do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not
epicurus
was a known critic of
intellectuals during his time,
but he himself did not claim to
be “wise” and merely
considered himself a “midwife”
that helped inquiring minds
achieve wisdom.
socrates
the only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing
socrates
most significant ideas
included his Theory of Forms,
which proposes that everything
that exists is based on an idea
or template that can only be
perceived in the mind; these
nonphysical ideas are eternal
and unchanging.
plato
wise men speak because they have something to say fools because they have to say something
plato
He attended the Academy, and
was a prominent student of
Plato
aristotle
excellence is never never an accident is is always the result of high intention
aristotle
- He gained renown for the
practical aspects of his
philosophical inquiries and was
considered a leading scientist
in ancient times. - A mathematician, physicist,
engineer, inventor, and
astronomer.
archimedes
mathematics only reveals its secrets to those approach it with pure love
archimedes
Emphasis on morality, virtue, calm, and emotional
fortitude.
* In urging participation in human affairs, Stoics have
always believed that the goal of all inquiry is to
provide a mode of conduct characterized by
tranquility of mind and certainty of moral worth.
stoicism
everything we hear is an opinion not a fact
marcus aurelius
Application of Philosophy to define and explain
religious doctrines.
* The philosophical systems and speculative
tendencies of various medieval Christian thinkers,
who, working against a background of fixed religious
dogma, sought to solve anew general philosophical
problems (as of faith and reason, will and intellect,
realism and nominalism, and the provability of the
existence of God)
scholasticism
faith is to believe what you do not see
saint augustine
Application of Philosophy to define and explain
religious doctrines.
* The philosophical systems and speculative
tendencies of various medieval Christian thinkers,
who, working against a background of fixed religious
dogma, sought to solve anew general philosophical
problems (as of faith and reason, will and intellect,
realism and nominalism, and the provability of the
existence of God)
humanism
is is not the titles that honor men, but men that honor titles
niccolo machiavelli
Reason and logic considered the basis of knowledge
and belief; man has innate knowledge that can be
accessed through intuition or deduction.
* Rationalism reflects a reliance on reason—the
philosophical idea that the fundamental starting point
for all knowledge is not found in the senses or in
experience, but instead can be traced back to some
innate knowledge that we’re born with.
rationalism
doubt is the origin of wisdom
rene descartes
i think therefore i am
rene descartes
Knowledge is gained through the senses and
experience; reliance to the inductive reasoning to
arrive at generalization.
empiricism
no mans knowledge here can go beyond his experience
john locke
Human experience is defined by the views, emotions,
and actions of the individual
existentialism
Emphasis on the practical use of knowledge and
idea
pragmatism
Experience is studied based on the subjective
viewpoint of the individual.
phenomenology
Man will never understand the human condition and
the meaning of life.
absurdism
Analysis on how knowledge, ideas, and power
relations are defined
postmodernism
Belief in one God
(monotheism), who has a
role in the ultimate destiny
of mankind; Jewish people
are God’s chosen people.
judaism
is a religion with
various Gods and Goddesses.
hinduism
3 gods of hinduism
brahma, vishnu, shiva
An animistic religion
influenced by Japanese myth
and traditions.
* The material and spiritual
worlds are closely connected;
rituals and traditions are a way
to connect with the spiritual
world.
* Mankind and the world are
essentially good and pure.
shintoism
Rejects the idea of a creator
and considers the universe as
eternal and unceasing; time is
a wheel which goes through
cycles of prosperity and
suffering.
jainism
The Four Noble Truths describe
worldly existence as imperfect
and influenced by earthly
desires and suffering; to rid
oneself of desire and achieve
liberation from suffering, one
must follow the Eight-fold
Path
buddhism
The contemplation of the order
things can lead to selftransformation.
* Self-transformation can lead
to the betterment of the family
and society.
confucianism
Emphasis on the unity and
harmony among opposing
elements (yin and yang);
individual must seek to
understand and act in
accordance with the natural
order
taoism
Belief in one God (Allah);
commitment to faith is shown
through the practice of the Five
Pillars: testament of faith
(shahada), daily prayers (salat),
alms-giving (zakat), fasting
during the month of Ramadan
(sawm), and pilgrimage to the
holy city of Mecca (hajj
islam
God is believed to have created
the universe and is present
everywhere and in everything.
* Man communicates with God
through meditation, and his
ultimate destiny is union with
the Divine
sikhism
is defined as a way of thinking about the
world and is composed of the views and beliefs of a
person.
framework
Questions dealing with our own correctness and values
are considered
internal questions
seek to question
the very frameworks upon which people base their own
beliefs and view
external questions
The philosophy which deals with beauty and what
makes things “beautiful” is called
aesthetics
is the branch of philosophy which deals with
correct reasoning
logic
discusses the nature of knowledge
and knowing.
epistemology
is the branch which deals with moral questions
and dilemmas
ethics
branches of philosophy
aesthetic
epistemology
logic
ethics
metaphysics
studies governments and deals
with questions of justice, power and the rights and
obligations of citizens.
political philosophy
is a branch of philosophy which deals with
questions regarding reality and existence.
metaphysics
