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Bacteriology (Exam 2) > Invasive Clostridia - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Invasive Clostridia - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

True/False. C. perfringes is motile by petrichious flagella.

A

False.

C. perfringes is non-motile, but other clostridia are motile by petrichious flagella.

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2
Q

What are the diseases caused by invasive clostridium?

A

Histotoxic (tissue) and enterotoxacemias (GI tract) diseases

C. perfringens, C. difficile, C. novyi, C. haemolyticum, C. septicum, C. chauvoei, C. sordelii

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3
Q

Which invasive clostridium is the most frequently isolated pathogenic bacterium?

A

C. perfringens

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4
Q

What diseases are caused by non-invasive clostridium?

A

Neurotoxic diseases

C. botulinum and C. tetani

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5
Q

How many toxins does C. perfringens produce? What are they?

A

5 types of toxins

Alpha toxin

Beta toxin

Epsilon toxin

Iota toxin

Perfringolysin (theta toxin)

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6
Q

What type of toxin is produced during sporulation for Type A C. Perfringens?

A

Produced by 10% of C. perfringens

Enterotoxin

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7
Q

How many types of C. perfringens are present in animal diseases?

A

5

A, B, C, D, E

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8
Q

What is the reservior for C. perfringens?

A

Intestinal tract of humans and animals

Survival in soil is variable

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9
Q

How is C. perfringens generally transmitted?

A

Ingestion and wound infection

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10
Q

Which type of invasive clostridia is a great differential diagnosis to the following diseases:

Malginant edema

Black leg

Big head of rams

A

C. perfringens Type A

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11
Q

Which toxin is most important to a Type A C. perfringens wound infection?

A

Alpha toxin!

The capsule and perfingolysin O play a big role also

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12
Q

Which toxin produced by C. perfringens causes hemolysis, necrosis and lethality?

A

Alpha toxin

Produced by ALL C. Perfringens

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13
Q

What conditions would you expect to see with a Type A. C. perfringens wound infection?

A

Anaerobic cellulitis and gas gangrene

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14
Q

Which toxin produced by C. perfringens forms pores in instestinal epithelial cells and endothelial cells?

A

Beta toxin

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15
Q

What in colostrum favors the action of the beta toxin produced by C. perfringens?

A

Protease (trypsin) inhibitors

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16
Q

Which type of toxin produced by C. perfringens is necrotizing and lethal in epithelial and endothelial cells?

A

Epsilon toxin

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17
Q

Where does the epsilon toxin of C. perfringens concentrate? What activates it?

A

Concentrates in the brain and kidney (damages microvasculature)

Activated by trypsin

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18
Q

Which toxin produced by C. perfringens affects the cellular cytoskeleton and results in death of the affected cell?

A

Iota toxin

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19
Q

Which toxin produced by C. perfringens causes fluid and electrolyte abnormalities?

A

Enterotoxin

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20
Q

Which toxin produced by C. perfringens is important for escaping the phagolysosome?

A

Perfringolysin O (theta toxin)

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21
Q

What are the important toxins for Type A C. perfringens enterotoxemia?

A

Alpha-toxin

Perfringlolysin O

Enterotoxins

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22
Q

What disease does Type A C. perfringens entertoxemia cause?

A

Yellow lamb diseases

(outbreaks of gastritis and hemolytic diseases of ruminants)

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23
Q

Which toxin of C. perfringens is the principle factor for producing hemorrhagic enteritis in the small intestine? Which type of C. perfringens is this toxin the principle factor for?

A

Beta toxin (Dont forget: SUSCEPTIBLE TO TRYPSIN!)

Type B C. perfringens enterotoxemia

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24
Q

Which disease is caused by Type B C. perfringens enterotoxemia?

A

Causes lamb dysentery in newborn lambs

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25
Q

Who is most suscepitble to Type C C. perfringens entertoxemia? What does this type cause?

A

Neonatal calves, foals, piglets, and lambs WORLDWIDE

Causes hemorrhagic enteritis

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26
Q

What is the principle virulence factor for Type C C. perfringens entertoxemia?

A

Beta toxin

27
Q

Which type of entertoxemia of C. perfringens causes “struck” in older sheep?

A

Type C enterotoxemia

Fatal toxemia-bacteremia

Beta-toxin plays the main role

Impression is that the animal has been struck by lightning

28
Q

Which type of C. perfringens enterotoxemia is associated with overeating and pulp kidney diseases in older lambs?

A

Type D enterotoxemia

29
Q

Which toxin is an important virulence factor for type D C. perfringens enterotoxemia?

A

Epsilon toxin (predilection for older animals and activated by trypsin)

30
Q

What effects do Type D C. perfringens entertoxemia have on the CNS?

A

Epsilon toxin will cause encephalomalacia

Head pressing is common

31
Q

What is one of the most common food related diseases in humans?

A

Nonenterotoxemic diarrhea

32
Q

What is the main cause of nonenterotoxemic diarrhea?

A

Interaction of enterotoxin (from C. perfringens) with epithelial cells of the small intestine following sporulation of the microorganisms in that environment

33
Q

Why does C. perfringens mostly affect younger animals?

A

The infantile digestive tract lacks enzymes to inactivate toxin.

34
Q

Where does the pathogenic strain of C. perfringens survive?

A

In the soil

35
Q

What kind of hemolysis would you expect to see on a blood agar plate inoculated with C. perfringens?

A

Double-zone hemolysis

36
Q

What reaction is characteristic of C. perfringens and what does it detect?

A

Nagler’s reaction

Detects lecithinase activity

37
Q

Which invasive clostridium shows adhesion to target cells in the large intestine?

A

C. difficile

38
Q

Which virulence factor of C. difficile stimulates the influx of polymorphonuclear cells? What is the result?

A

Enterotoxin toxin A

Results in diarrhea

39
Q

What is the reservoir for C. difficile?

A

Intestinal tract of normal and clinically affected animals

40
Q

What causes the disruption of normal flora and colonization of C. difficile?

A

A “trigger” event

Antibiotics, chemotherapy, stress, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

41
Q

Which antibiotic does C. difficile respond rapidly to?

A

Metronidazole

42
Q

What are the conditions you would expect to see with Type A C. novyi?

A

Gas gangrene

Big head

43
Q

True/False. There are two main types of C. novyi which are very similar.

A

False.

There are two main types (A and B) which differ biochemically, epidemiologically and pathogenically.

44
Q

What is the main toxin produced by both types of C. novyi?

A

Alpha toxin

CELL DEATH!

45
Q

Which toxins are produced by C. novyi Type A?

A

Alpha toxin and novyliysin (delta toxin)

46
Q

Which toxin is produced by C. novyi Type B?

A

Alpha and Beta toxin

47
Q

Which type of C. novyi causes black diseases?

A

Type B

Black diseases - subcutaneous venous congestion secondary to pericardial edema darkens the underside of the skin

48
Q

True/False. Type A and B C. novyi are found in normal instestine and liver of herbivores.

A

True

49
Q

How is C. novyi transmitted?

A

All types enter their hosts by ingestion or wound infection.

50
Q

What is the most distinguishing feature of sudden death in sows caused by Type B C. Novyi?

A

The liver uniformly infiltrated with gas bubbles

Presenting a spongy appearance on the cut surface

51
Q

Which parasite does the distribution of black diseases largely coincide with?

A

Fasciola hepatica

52
Q

Which clostridium resembles C. novyi Type B phenotypically and in disease pattern?

A

C. haemolyticum

53
Q

What is the main virulence factor of C. haemolyticum? What does it produce?

A

Phospholipase C toxin (beta toxin)

Produces hemolytic crisis and acute death

54
Q

Which invasive clostridium causes bacillary hemogolbinuria or “red water” diseases of ruminants?

A

C. haemolyticum

55
Q

Which clostridium is the leading cause of wound infections of farm animals?

A

C. septcium

56
Q

What is the main virulence factor of C. septicum?

A

Alpha toxin

57
Q

Which clostridium causes a fatal cold weather disease of sheep? What is the disease called?

A

C. septicum

Braxy or bradsot disease

58
Q

Which clostridium causes malignant edema?

A

C. septicum

59
Q

Which clostridium produces an emphysematous necrotizing myositis in cattle?

A

AKA BLACK LEG

C. CHAUVOEI

60
Q

Which clostridium causes Tyzzer’s disease?

A

C. piliforme

Acute fatal diarrheal disease in lab mice with focal liver necrosis** **

Also in foals

61
Q

Which clostridium causes fatal myositis and hepatic diseases in ruminants and horses?

A

C. sordelli

62
Q

Which clostridium causes quail disease?

A

C. colinum

Ulcerative enteritis and necrotizing hepatitis of several species of fowl

63
Q

Which clostridium causes juvenile enteritis in rabbits?

A

C. spiroforme

Also antibiotic induced enteritis in rabbits

Bacteriology (Exam 2) (15 decks)

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