Introduction to viruses 3 Flashcards
transforming viruses cause
cancer
transforming viruses lead to loss of
contact inhibition - they just keep growing
to determine if somebody has protecive antibody against viruses that express Hemagglutination
HAI assay
viruses that have Hemagglutination have the ability to
cause red blood cells to form sheets or to agglutinate
what is purpose of Hemagglutination assay
to determine level of virus in there
describe how you plate and dilute viruses with Hemagglutination
when you plate the dilutions for Hemagglutination, where there is Hemagglutination there will be sheet of RBC across base of well.
when virus is diluted that you can no longer glutinate the RB they will drop to bottom of well forming little button
if there are too many Hemagglutination then what will happen when plating
they won’t form a sheet b/c there are too many
titer
estimate amount of estimated amount of virus
the larger the titer the number the
greater the amount of virus that you started with
HAI
Hemagglutination inhabition assay
HAI measures what
if somebody has protective response against virus that has Hemagglutination
to determine level of antibody someone has against Hemagglutination what do you do
describe hai assay
use serum on individual to block Hemagglutination
prepare dilutions of individuals serum. to each dilution add fixed amount of virus. after allow it to bind to Hemagglutination on virus, add the RBC. if there is no antibody prsent, or low levels, get the same has Hemagglutination assay
if there is an antibody against Hemagglutination, once virus is added to serum, the antibodies will bind to Hemagglutination so when RBC added there won’t be any sites on Hemagglutination to bind to RBC so there will be no Hemagglutination.
so you go from button to no buttons b/c in the beginning the antibodies will block it.
describe difference in HAI assay vs Hemagglutination assay
f
viruses with Hemagglutination can also do what with RBC regaring peplomers on infected cell
Hemagglutination inserted into membrane its infected, so infected cells has Hemagglutination protruding from its surface so RBC bind to it and form stuff around it
hemadsorption
Hemagglutination is protroducing from cells, RBC bind to it
measles give rise to
syncytia
hemadsorption
rsv give rise to
syncytia
influenza gives rise to
hemadsorption
fungi - eukaryote or prokyaryote
eukaryote
fungi nuclei
defined
how do fungi exist regarding cells
single cells
multi-cellular
multi-cellular form of fungi called
hyphae
unicellular fungi called
yeast
multicellular fungi called
mold
heterotrophic fungi means
they need nutrients from host
need humid conditions to absorb nutrients
PAMP stands for
Fungal Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
fungal cell wall PAMPS
mannan
chitin
glucans
what fungal cell wall PAMPs are recognized by immune system
mannan
chitin
glucans
monomorphic fungi
one form in life cycle - yeast or mold form
yeast forms all reproduce
asexually by budding
molds reproduce
can do asexual and sexual
asexual via spores
sexual by meiosis
sexual spor reproduction called
telemorphic
septate
clear division b/w cells
aseptate
no division b/w different cells
another word for aseptate fungi
coenocytic
dimorphic fungi
two forms through their life - can be both mold and yeast in their life depending on the stage of their life
monomrophic fungi
only one stage of life so either yeast or mold
coenocytic not separated by
cell walls
multiple hyphae are organized into meshowrk called
into meshowrk called mycelium
“sounds like my ceiling. ceiling is a meshwork”
asexual spores called
conidiaspores
sporangiaspores reproduction
sexual or asexual
most healthy individuals do not suffer from
fungal disesae
immune suppressed individuals may have
fungal disease
with AIDs what happens with fungi
immune system is weakened many people actually die from fungal infection
source of pathogen is uruslly
dEndogenous
Endogenous
*
aflatoxins
some of the most carcinogenic things we know of
fungi can produce what that functions as free radical scavenger
melanin
PGE
prostoglandens
series of PGE that are
anti-inflammatory
suppress inflammatory response
airborne spores can lead to
hypersensitivity diseases
disease from ingestion of toxins from fungi
mycotoxicoses
ingestion of poisiones mushrooms
mycetismus
“My cat is mush(room)”
many fungal infections are
superficial
cutaneous mycoses
just superficial, limited to skin or hair
piercing of skin s called
traumatic implantation
most serious fungal infection
systemic mycoses
where do systemic mycoses originate
lung - then may move to other parts of body, skin, or other organs
technique to used to investigate fungi: direct light or fluoerescent microscopy
direct liht or fluorescent microscopy
can scrap off skin and dissolve skin and see just fungi
yeast vs. mold
reproductive structures
serology
can see if they have antibodies for fungus
won’t show if they are currently infected unless do it over time and antibody levels rise
histopathology
special stains
dna probes
cultures
fungi will turn different color on selective media
parasites can be what regarding cell
multi or unicellular
parasites get food by
living on or within another oganism
host of parasite
organismt hat harbors parasite and suffers lost b/c of parasite
reservoir parasite
hosts ensure continuity of the parasite’s life cycle and act as sources of human infection
definitive host - parasite
where adult or sexual stages occur
intermediate host
the host in which a parasite lives as the larval and asexual stage
vector parasite
An organism (usually an insect) that is responsible for transmitting the parasitic infection
malaria humans are
intermediate host
unicellular parasites can be subdivided into four main groups based upon their motility:
Amoebas
Flagellates
Apicomplexa
Ciliates
Amoebas move by
extending cytoplasmic projections: pseudopods
ciliates move by
cilia
how do flagellates move
how do apicomplexa move
flagellates move via flagella
apicomplexa don’t move
apicomplexa move in humans via
blood/circulation
if parasite do not have dormant form or cannot form cyst what happens
need vector or they will die
two main stages in life cycle of protozoans
metabolically acitve: trophozoite
dormant form: cyst
dormant form of protozaons
cyst
metaboically active form of protozoans
trophozoite
causitive agent of malaria is what
plasmodium
life cycle of plasmodium
after feeding by female mosquito, injection into cirulaion of sporazoid.
they enter liver and infect hepatocyte
two stages of plasmodium
hepatic stage
RBC stage
once they are in hepatocyte they
replicate and differentiate into marazoid (marazoid wasn’t on ppt though)
infected RBC (malaria/plasmodium), why aren’t they eliminated in spleen
plasmodium causes a membrane protein calls pl - to be expressed on surface which causes RBC to become sticky and they stick to wall of vessels so they don’t even get to spleen b/c they stick to wall
helminth parasite cause a lot of problems - in
developing countries
helminths, two main ones:
flatworms
roundworms
flatworms examples
trematodes
cestodes
“to make them flat i’d better “trim ma toes”
cestode is a
tapeworm
surrounded by tegument which provides helminth
protection from digestive enzyme and helps absorb nutrients
life cycle of helminth
complex
some are hermaphroditic
some larva can penetrate skin
tapeworm (meat) due to
improperly cooked meat
inside larvae it will develop into
worm
segments of tape worm
proglotid
each proglotid can have how many eggs
hundred thousand
beef tapeworm can grow to how big
record is over 72 feet!!! long…
how are moth parasitic diseases transmitted
fecal oral
direct penetration
mosquito (blood) or arthoropod
transplacental - vertically transmitted from mother to baby
adherence for parasites may be
specific or nonspecific
describe specificity of adherence for plasmodium
they bind to duffy antigen
what gives rise to symptom of disease for parasitic disease
cell and tissue damage
what causes the cell and tissue damage in a parasitic infection
hydrolytic enzymes and toxins
mechanical damage usually due to parasite itself
immunopathology - a lot of times due to eosinophils attacking the parasite or larvae
how do you diagnose parasitic infection
macroscopic examination
different mounts, stool from larvae or eggs
serologic examination (not always that useful with parasites)
protozoans (single cell parasite) have what supporting structure
pellicle - supports plasma membrane
what is toxoplasmosis
transmitting parasite from mother to fetus
