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Immunology > Introduction to viruses 3 > Flashcards

Introduction to viruses 3 Flashcards

1
Q

transforming viruses cause

A

cancer

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2
Q

transforming viruses lead to loss of

A

contact inhibition - they just keep growing

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3
Q

to determine if somebody has protecive antibody against viruses that express Hemagglutination

A

HAI assay

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4
Q

viruses that have Hemagglutination have the ability to

A

cause red blood cells to form sheets or to agglutinate

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5
Q

what is purpose of Hemagglutination assay

A

to determine level of virus in there

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6
Q

describe how you plate and dilute viruses with Hemagglutination

A

when you plate the dilutions for Hemagglutination, where there is Hemagglutination there will be sheet of RBC across base of well.
when virus is diluted that you can no longer glutinate the RB they will drop to bottom of well forming little button

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7
Q

if there are too many Hemagglutination then what will happen when plating

A

they won’t form a sheet b/c there are too many

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8
Q

titer

A

estimate amount of estimated amount of virus

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9
Q

the larger the titer the number the

A

greater the amount of virus that you started with

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10
Q

HAI

A

Hemagglutination inhabition assay

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11
Q

HAI measures what

A

if somebody has protective response against virus that has Hemagglutination

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12
Q

to determine level of antibody someone has against Hemagglutination what do you do
describe hai assay

A

use serum on individual to block Hemagglutination
prepare dilutions of individuals serum. to each dilution add fixed amount of virus. after allow it to bind to Hemagglutination on virus, add the RBC. if there is no antibody prsent, or low levels, get the same has Hemagglutination assay
if there is an antibody against Hemagglutination, once virus is added to serum, the antibodies will bind to Hemagglutination so when RBC added there won’t be any sites on Hemagglutination to bind to RBC so there will be no Hemagglutination.
so you go from button to no buttons b/c in the beginning the antibodies will block it.

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13
Q

describe difference in HAI assay vs Hemagglutination assay

A

f

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14
Q

viruses with Hemagglutination can also do what with RBC regaring peplomers on infected cell

A

Hemagglutination inserted into membrane its infected, so infected cells has Hemagglutination protruding from its surface so RBC bind to it and form stuff around it

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15
Q

hemadsorption

A

Hemagglutination is protroducing from cells, RBC bind to it

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16
Q

measles give rise to

A

syncytia

hemadsorption

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17
Q

rsv give rise to

A

syncytia

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18
Q

influenza gives rise to

A

hemadsorption

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19
Q

fungi - eukaryote or prokyaryote

A

eukaryote

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20
Q

fungi nuclei

A

defined

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21
Q

how do fungi exist regarding cells

A

single cells

multi-cellular

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22
Q

multi-cellular form of fungi called

A

hyphae

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23
Q

unicellular fungi called

A

yeast

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24
Q

multicellular fungi called

A

mold

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25
Q

heterotrophic fungi means

A

they need nutrients from host

need humid conditions to absorb nutrients

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26
Q

PAMP stands for

A

Fungal Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

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27
Q

fungal cell wall PAMPS

A

mannan
chitin
glucans

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28
Q

what fungal cell wall PAMPs are recognized by immune system

A

mannan
chitin
glucans

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29
Q

monomorphic fungi

A

one form in life cycle - yeast or mold form

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30
Q

yeast forms all reproduce

A

asexually by budding

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31
Q

molds reproduce

A

can do asexual and sexual
asexual via spores
sexual by meiosis

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32
Q

sexual spor reproduction called

A

telemorphic

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33
Q

septate

A

clear division b/w cells

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34
Q

aseptate

A

no division b/w different cells

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35
Q

another word for aseptate fungi

A

coenocytic

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36
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

two forms through their life - can be both mold and yeast in their life depending on the stage of their life

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37
Q

monomrophic fungi

A

only one stage of life so either yeast or mold

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38
Q

coenocytic not separated by

A

cell walls

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39
Q

multiple hyphae are organized into meshowrk called

A

into meshowrk called mycelium

“sounds like my ceiling. ceiling is a meshwork”

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40
Q

asexual spores called

A

conidiaspores

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41
Q

sporangiaspores reproduction

A

sexual or asexual

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42
Q

most healthy individuals do not suffer from

A

fungal disesae

43
Q

immune suppressed individuals may have

A

fungal disease

44
Q

with AIDs what happens with fungi

A

immune system is weakened many people actually die from fungal infection

45
Q

source of pathogen is uruslly

A

dEndogenous

46
Q

Endogenous

A

*

47
Q

aflatoxins

A

some of the most carcinogenic things we know of

48
Q

fungi can produce what that functions as free radical scavenger

A

melanin

49
Q

PGE

A

prostoglandens

50
Q

series of PGE that are

A

anti-inflammatory

suppress inflammatory response

51
Q

airborne spores can lead to

A

hypersensitivity diseases

52
Q

disease from ingestion of toxins from fungi

A

mycotoxicoses

53
Q

ingestion of poisiones mushrooms

A

mycetismus

“My cat is mush(room)”

54
Q

many fungal infections are

A

superficial

55
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A

just superficial, limited to skin or hair

56
Q

piercing of skin s called

A

traumatic implantation

57
Q

most serious fungal infection

A

systemic mycoses

58
Q

where do systemic mycoses originate

A

lung - then may move to other parts of body, skin, or other organs

59
Q

technique to used to investigate fungi: direct light or fluoerescent microscopy

A

direct liht or fluorescent microscopy
can scrap off skin and dissolve skin and see just fungi
yeast vs. mold
reproductive structures

60
Q

serology

A

can see if they have antibodies for fungus

won’t show if they are currently infected unless do it over time and antibody levels rise

61
Q

histopathology

A

special stains

dna probes

62
Q

cultures

A

fungi will turn different color on selective media

63
Q

parasites can be what regarding cell

A

multi or unicellular

64
Q

parasites get food by

A

living on or within another oganism

65
Q

host of parasite

A

organismt hat harbors parasite and suffers lost b/c of parasite

66
Q

reservoir parasite

A

hosts ensure continuity of the parasite’s life cycle and act as sources of human infection

67
Q

definitive host - parasite

A

where adult or sexual stages occur

68
Q

intermediate host

A

the host in which a parasite lives as the larval and asexual stage

69
Q

vector parasite

A

An organism (usually an insect) that is responsible for transmitting the parasitic infection

70
Q

malaria humans are

A

intermediate host

71
Q

unicellular parasites can be subdivided into four main groups based upon their motility:

A

Amoebas
Flagellates
Apicomplexa
Ciliates

72
Q

Amoebas move by

A

extending cytoplasmic projections: pseudopods

73
Q

ciliates move by

A

cilia

74
Q

how do flagellates move

how do apicomplexa move

A

flagellates move via flagella

apicomplexa don’t move

75
Q

apicomplexa move in humans via

A

blood/circulation

76
Q

if parasite do not have dormant form or cannot form cyst what happens

A

need vector or they will die

77
Q

two main stages in life cycle of protozoans

A

metabolically acitve: trophozoite

dormant form: cyst

78
Q

dormant form of protozaons

A

cyst

79
Q

metaboically active form of protozoans

A

trophozoite

80
Q

causitive agent of malaria is what

A

plasmodium

81
Q

life cycle of plasmodium

A

after feeding by female mosquito, injection into cirulaion of sporazoid.
they enter liver and infect hepatocyte

82
Q

two stages of plasmodium

A

hepatic stage

RBC stage

83
Q

once they are in hepatocyte they

A

replicate and differentiate into marazoid (marazoid wasn’t on ppt though)

84
Q

infected RBC (malaria/plasmodium), why aren’t they eliminated in spleen

A

plasmodium causes a membrane protein calls pl - to be expressed on surface which causes RBC to become sticky and they stick to wall of vessels so they don’t even get to spleen b/c they stick to wall

85
Q

helminth parasite cause a lot of problems - in

A

developing countries

86
Q

helminths, two main ones:

A

flatworms

roundworms

87
Q

flatworms examples

A

trematodes
cestodes

“to make them flat i’d better “trim ma toes”

88
Q

cestode is a

A

tapeworm

89
Q

surrounded by tegument which provides helminth

A

protection from digestive enzyme and helps absorb nutrients

90
Q

life cycle of helminth

A

complex
some are hermaphroditic
some larva can penetrate skin

91
Q

tapeworm (meat) due to

A

improperly cooked meat

92
Q

inside larvae it will develop into

A

worm

93
Q

segments of tape worm

A

proglotid

94
Q

each proglotid can have how many eggs

A

hundred thousand

95
Q

beef tapeworm can grow to how big

A

record is over 72 feet!!! long…

96
Q

how are moth parasitic diseases transmitted

A

fecal oral
direct penetration
mosquito (blood) or arthoropod
transplacental - vertically transmitted from mother to baby

97
Q

adherence for parasites may be

A

specific or nonspecific

98
Q

describe specificity of adherence for plasmodium

A

they bind to duffy antigen

99
Q

what gives rise to symptom of disease for parasitic disease

A

cell and tissue damage

100
Q

what causes the cell and tissue damage in a parasitic infection

A

hydrolytic enzymes and toxins
mechanical damage usually due to parasite itself
immunopathology - a lot of times due to eosinophils attacking the parasite or larvae

101
Q

how do you diagnose parasitic infection

A

macroscopic examination
different mounts, stool from larvae or eggs
serologic examination (not always that useful with parasites)

102
Q

protozoans (single cell parasite) have what supporting structure

A

pellicle - supports plasma membrane

103
Q

what is toxoplasmosis

A

transmitting parasite from mother to fetus

Immunology (12 decks)

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