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Immunology > Introduction to Infectious Agents 3 > Flashcards

Introduction to Infectious Agents 3 Flashcards

1
Q

infectious disease is caused by

A

infectious agent such as bacterium, virus, protozoan, fungus and can be passed to other

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2
Q

what is infection

A

infectious agent enters body and reproduces. doesn’talways lead to disease

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3
Q

what is ano organism that causes disease

A

pathogen

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4
Q

what is organism infected by another organism

A

host

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5
Q

ability of an agent to cause rapid and severe disease in a host is what

A

virulence

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6
Q

infectious diseases give rise to how many deaths

A

1/3 of all deaths worldwide

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7
Q

more than half of death from children due to infectious diseases could be eliminated with what

A

vaccines

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8
Q

infectious diseases account for more than how much of all deaths in children undera age five

A

1/2

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9
Q

is HIV/AIDS a single agent killer

A

no - it will never be HIV/AIDS itself that kills, it will be opportunistic infection

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10
Q

how much of bacteria are non-pathogens

A

95%

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11
Q

what percent of bacteria cause human diseases

A

1%

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12
Q

what percent of bacteria cause plant diseases

A

4%

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13
Q

what percent of cells in our body are microbes

A

90%

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14
Q

what is benefit of normal flora

A

they compete with pathogens for nutrients
they produce antimicrobial substances that help get rid of pathogens
provide nutrients (vitamin K and B12)
block host receptors for pathogens

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15
Q

antimicrobal substances due to normal flora

A

they stimulate our cells to create antimicrobal substances and they themselves do it

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16
Q

explain
Skin: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans
Nose: Staphylococcus aureus
GI: Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli
and how it relates to the normal flora

A

The bacteria are part of normal flora but could also cause disease if they are in wrong spot or if immune system is compromised

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17
Q

what is true pathogen

A

will cause disease

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18
Q

what is opportunisitc pathogen and describe how it occurs

A

cause diseases if immune system is compromised, if there is overgrowth of normal flora, or normal flora introduced into inappropriate body cavity

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19
Q

what are the ways infectious disease can be classified by duration

A

acute
chronic
latent

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20
Q

what is latent duration

A

periods of no symptoms b/w outbreaks of illness

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21
Q

latent infectious examples

A

herpes

mono

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22
Q

what are three general classifications of infectious diseases

A

duration
location
timing

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23
Q

what are ways location can classify infectious diseas

A

local

systemic

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24
Q

what does systemic infection mean

A

a generalized illness that infects most of the body with pathogens distributed widely in tissues.

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25
Q

what is example of systemic infection

A

smallpox

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26
Q

what are ways infectious diseases can be classified by timing

A

primary

secondary

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27
Q

what is primary infection

A

– initial infection in a previously healthy person.

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28
Q

what is secondary infection

A

infection that occurs in a person weakened by a primary infection.

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29
Q

period b/w infection and presentation of symptoms is called what

A

incubation period

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30
Q

first symptoms that appear are called what

A

prodromal phase

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31
Q

describe prodromal phase

A

cold and flu type symptoms you will get before you have the normal symptoms of disease

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32
Q

if disease will present with symptoms, what is the phase while they are presenting

A

clinical phase

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33
Q

why will some individuals not have clinical phase

A

they are carriers of the disease

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34
Q

when there is subsidence of symptoms what is phase

A

decline phase

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35
Q

symptoms gone, tissues heal, body regains strength is what phase

A

recovery phase

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36
Q

list the time course of infectious disease

A 
Transmission: source/reservoir
Entry: skin, mucus membranes 
Adherence: fimbriae, adhesion molecules
Invasion: enzymes
Propagation: essential nutrients
Damage: virulence factors, toxins
Resolution: immune response
(pg 12)
"TEA Idolazies Parties: Democrats & Republicans"
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37
Q

what does propagation mean

A

they have to proliferate so they need nutrients

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38
Q

what can immune system do that is harmful of body in response to infectious disease

A

the immune system can harm the body’s own cells

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39
Q

what are two ways transmission can take place

A

human:human

non human: human

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40
Q

what is horizontal transmission

A

direct contact, fecal-oral, respiratory

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41
Q

what is verticle transmission

A

mother to offspring
transplacental
parturition (birth)
breast milk

42
Q

what are hte ways non human to human transmission can take place

A

soil/water source
animal: direct, fluids (bite of rabid dog), feces, via vector
formite

43
Q

what is formite

A

infected non-living material

like lab coat with blood on it

44
Q

after pathogen is acquired what must it do

A

enter

45
Q

how do bacteria and fungi enter/adhere

A

external structures: capsulse, surface antigens, flagella, fimbriae

46
Q

how do viruses enter/adhere

A

external features: envelopes, peplomer, capsids

47
Q

what are the things that allow themt o hook on

A

flagella (bacteria), peplomers (viruses), hooks (paraistes)

48
Q

how do parasites adhere/enter

A

external features: surface antigens, mechanical attachemtn

49
Q

what can use endocytosis to enter

A

bacteria, fungi, viruses, paraiste

50
Q

how must viruses enter body

A

via host cell from fusion or endocytosis

51
Q

what is unusual about parasite larvae and entrance

A

they can enter skin directly

52
Q

what are the three main portals of entery into body

A

mucus membrane
skin
parenteral

53
Q

what is parenteral transmission

A

below skin and mucous membrane, so into tissue

54
Q

what is the most common and easiest portal of entry into body

A

mucus membrane

55
Q

how do microbes enter vmucus membrane

A

via respiratory tract, microbes inhaled into mouth or nose in droplets of moisture or dust particles

56
Q

what are some common diseases that enter via respiratory tract

A 
Common  cold
Flu
Tuberculosis
Whooping cough
Pneumonia
Measles
Strep Throat
Diphtheria
57
Q

besides repiratory what is another way microbes can enter via mucus membrane

A

GI tract - contaiminated hand and touch mouth

58
Q

most microbes that enter GI tract are destroyed how

A

HCL and enzymes of stomach or bile & enzymes of SI

59
Q

What are some common disease that are contracted vi GI tract

A 
Salmonellosis
Salmonella sp.
Shigellosis
Shigella sp.
Cholera
Vibrio cholorae
Ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
60
Q

through unbroken skin how do some microbes enter skin

A

openings in skin: hair follicles, sweat glands

61
Q

parenteral transmission is most commonly through what

A

breakage in skin

microorganisms are deposited into tissues below skin or mucus membrane

62
Q

what are some methods that parenternal entry can happen

A 
Punctures
Injections
Bites
Scratches
Surgery
Splitting of skin due to swelling or dryness
63
Q

what are different shapes of bacteria

A 
Cocci
Bacilli-rods
Spirochetes
Pleomorphic
(pg 26)
64
Q

what is the ssize range of bacteria

A

.2 to 5 microns

65
Q

what is mycoplasma

A

bacteria with no cell wall

smallest bacteria

66
Q

e. coli is what shape

A

rod

67
Q

staphyloccus is a what shape

A

coccus (cocci)

68
Q

what is tightly packed chromosome in bacteria called

A

nucleoid

69
Q

what are 5 things almost always in structure of prokaryotic

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Plasma Membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Ribosomes
  5. Nucleoid
70
Q

what are optional additions for prokaryotic

A
  1. +/- Plasmids
  2. +/- Capsule
  3. +/- Biofilms
  4. +/- Flagella
  5. +/- Pili/Fimbrae
  6. +/-Axial Filaments
    +/- Spores
    Plus Bacterial Products
71
Q

describe capsule in bacteria

A

outer layer around cell wall.

difficult for immune system to engulf via phagocytosis

72
Q

what is another name for capsule

A

slime layer

73
Q

describe biofilms in bacteria

A

similar to capsules - cover bacterial colony

prevent penetration of antibiotics

74
Q

describe axial filament in bacteria

A

specialized flagellum that doesn’t go all the way to outside

75
Q

what do endospores do

A

let bacteria live in bad conditions until they are able to live/reproduce

76
Q

what is function of bacterial cell wall

A

support - helps it not collapse or expand in hypertonicity or hypotonicity

77
Q

describe gram positive & gram negative & acid fast stain what is it used for

A

to see cell wall characteristics of bacteria

78
Q

how is gram stain done

A 
fix bacteria on slide
stain what is in it
fix
crystal violet
iodine treatment
decolorization
counter stain safranin
79
Q

gram positive are what color

A

blue/purple

80
Q

gram negative stain what color

A

pink

81
Q

bacterial cell wall made of what

A

peptidoglycan

82
Q

in gram positive

A

there is enough peptidoglycan to stain

83
Q

gram negative - what happens when it is washed after it is stained?

A

not enough peptidoglycan to fix the crystal violet so it’s washed out

84
Q

why is gram stain useful

A

can be done quickly and help you know how you will treat pt

85
Q

arrangement of cell wall in gram neg vs pos

A

gram pos - cell wall outside of plasma membrane

gram neg - two membranes, outer and inner. periplasmic space in b/w them which is where the peptidoglycan is

86
Q

what is example of gram pos bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus

87
Q

describe cell wall in gram positive

A

thick peptidoglycan layer

88
Q

teichoic acids & lipoteichoic aids are what

A

a part of cell wall in gram positve bacteria

89
Q

look at gram pos pics

A

32 & 33

90
Q

components of cell wall of gram negative

A

outer membrane - lipoplysaccharide
thin layer of peptidoglycan b/w inner and outer membrane
thinner than in gram pos

91
Q

lipopolysaccharide is also referred to:

A

endotoxin

92
Q

LPS stands for

A

lipopolysaccharide

93
Q

is lipopolysaccharide found in gram pos?

A

no

94
Q

what are three main parts of lipopolysaccharide

A

O-Antigen
Core polysaccharide –

Lipid A

95
Q

what is lipid A?

A

toxic component of endotoxin

96
Q

what is gram negative bacilli

A

E.Coli

97
Q

look at pics of gram neg.

A

36 37

98
Q

what is space b/w inner and outer membrane in gram neg

A

periplasmic space

99
Q

streptocci is a what

A

cocci

100
Q

what is a cocci

A

shape of bacteria - round

Immunology (12 decks)

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