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Immunology > Inflammation 1 > Flashcards

Inflammation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

initial interaction is b/w

A

PAMP and PRRs

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2
Q

one of consequences of PAMP by PRR is

A

assembly of inflammasome

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3
Q

inflammasome

A

important for production and section and activation of some cytokines important in inflammation

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4
Q

three tiered approach to defense

A

physical and chemical barriers
innate immunity
adaptive immunity

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5
Q

non-specific barriers

A

skin, microflora, tight junctions

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6
Q

what is an important barrier in skin

A

epithelial cells are joined by tight junctions

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7
Q

what are in lungs that provide first line of defense

A

mucus

cilia

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8
Q

what is in tears that helps against infection

A

lysosyme

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9
Q

chemical on skin to defend

A

fatty acid

antimicrobial peptides

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10
Q

chemical in gut to defend

A

low pH

antimicrobial enzymes

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11
Q

chemical defense in lungs

A

pulmonary surfactant

antimicrobial peptides

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12
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme in tears, saliva, milk, mucus, etc.

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13
Q

lysozyme digests

A

peptidoglycan

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14
Q

where is peptidoglycan

A

cell wall of bacteria

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15
Q

cathelicidins

A

broad antimicrobial substances

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16
Q

alpha defensins

A

produced by PMNs (granulocytes, especially neutrophils) and Paneth cells (gut)

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17
Q

two kins of defensins

A

alpha and beta

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18
Q

antimicrobial peptides - defensins include

A

a-defensins

b-defensins

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19
Q

what bacteria are not sensitive to lysozyme

A

gram neg.

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20
Q

fat are contained in lamellar bodies and they form water tight layer in epidermis - what else do lamellar bodies make

A

antimicrobial peptides

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21
Q

main producers of mucous in the respiratory epithelial and gut epithelial

A

goblet cells

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22
Q

mucous functions

A

libricant

trap for pathogens

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23
Q

goblet cells secrete

A

anti-microbial peptides

and of course mucous

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24
Q

richest source of antimicrobial peptides in GI track

A

paneth cells @ base of crypt of leiberkuhn

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25
Q

anythig that gets past initial barrier have to be detected, mainaly based on

A

Pattern recognition receptors on PAMP

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26
Q

to discriminate b/w harmful and harmless

A

job of patern recognition receptors

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27
Q

many pathogens have conserved structures

A

PAMPSs

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28
Q

PAMPs stands for

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).

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29
Q

where are pattern recognition receptors found

A 
floating around in immune system
neutrophils
macrophages
epithelial cells
mast cells
well equipped
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30
Q

LPS

A

outer membrane of gram neg bacteria

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31
Q

LPS is an example of a

A

PAMP

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32
Q

flagellin is ex. of a

A

PAMP

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33
Q

glucans chitin manna

A

fungal cell wall

ex. of PAMP

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34
Q

what are soluble PRR

A
  • Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL)
    • Ficolins
    • C1q
    • C-reactive protein (CRP)
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35
Q

PRR stand for

A

pattern recognition receptor

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36
Q

soluble PRR’s activate

A

activating complement pathway

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37
Q

cell membrane associated pathogen associated receptors

A

membrane bound

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38
Q

toll like receptors are associated with

A

plasma membrane and also intracellular receptors

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39
Q

ex of intracellular PRR

A

Nod-like Receptors (NLRs)
- RNA helicases (RIG-I, MDA-5)
Toll-like receptors

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40
Q

immediate consequence of PAMP binding to PRR

A

more antimicrobial peptides

inducing production of cytokines, important in combating viral, bacterial, fungal infection

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41
Q

soluble PRR activate

A

complement pathway

42
Q

TLR2 recognizes

A

gram pos and fungi

43
Q

TLR4 recognizes

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide) therefore gram neg.

44
Q

TLR9 recognize

A

DNA

45
Q

T3, 7, 8 reocngize

A

RNA

46
Q

all toll like reeptors are on plasma membrane except

A

plasma membrane

3 7 8 9 - these are intracellular toll like receptors

47
Q

following recognition of PAMP TLR4 with CD14 recognize what

A

LPS (lippopolysaccharide)

48
Q

TLR4 couples with what to recognize LPS

A

CD14

49
Q

recognition of the ligand by TLR4 and CD14 couples to activation of

A

NFkB

50
Q

NFkB is important transcription factor b/c it’s involved in

A

regulation fo transcription of a wide variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines

51
Q

intracellular cytoplasmic toll like receptors recognize

A

bacterial products

52
Q

NOD1 & NOD2 (these are nod-like PRR ) recognize

A

intracellular bacteria or degradative products of bacteria (like those being taken up into macrophages or neutrophils)

53
Q

NOD1 and NOD2 and couple to activation of

A

NFkB and ultimately production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

54
Q

TLR3 and 7 detect

A

viral RNA

55
Q

detection of viral genomes by

get production of what

A

TLR3 & TLR7

type I interferon

56
Q

production of type I interferon important during viral infect. b/c main mech to

A

limit spread of virus - makes neighboring cells less susceptible to produce virus progeny particles

57
Q

detection of PAMPs by PRR leads to assembly of multimolecular complex in cells (esp macrophages) and the complex is called

A

inflammasome

58
Q

type I interferon acts on neighboring cells to do what

how does it act on infected cell

A

make them less susceptible to support virus replication

acts on infected cell to lead to production of components of inflammasome

59
Q

detection of bacteria PAMPs by PRR leads to assembly of

A

inflammasome

60
Q

inflammasome important b/c

A

it’s necessary for maturation of cytokines that are important in inflammatory response (esp. interleukin family like interleukin I)

61
Q

assembly of inflammasome leads to death of

A

infected cell which limits spread of infection

62
Q

type I interferon produced following detection of

A

viral PAMP

63
Q

Type I interferon binds to

A

receptors on neighboring cells

64
Q

what does tpe I interforon do when bind to neibhoring cells

A

reduces express of genes that encode three enzyme complexes
2’ 5’ OAS
induces RNase L
PKR
the enzymes prime cells to resopnd if they become infected with virus.

65
Q

oligoadenylate made if

A

cell is affected with virus

66
Q

once RNase L made it will

A

degrade mRNA

stops viral mRNA from being made, so viral can’t reproduce

67
Q

PKR does what

A

phosphorylates initiaton factor needed for translation - when it’s phosphorylated it’s inactive so it inhibits protein syntehsis

68
Q

PKR does what

A

phosphorylates initiaton factor needed for translation - when it’s phosphorylated it’s inactive so it inhibits protein syntehsis

69
Q

early in infection dendritic cells migrate

A

to site of infection

70
Q

dendritic cells do what

A

sample material and carry to the regional lymph node

71
Q

once dendritic cell gets to lymph node

A

primed to activate t cells

72
Q

cell that infiltrates to pick up the antigen (dendritic cell) is not capable of

A

activating t cell

73
Q

once dendritic cell picks up antigen and exposed to cytokines in inflamed site

A

it changes so it cant pick up any more antigen and it can present it and activate t cells

74
Q

NFkB is key regulator of transcription of

A

cytokines

75
Q

cytokines are

A

soluble polypeptides
secreted by immune system and most cells in the body
(every cell needs to be able to communicate w/ immune system)

76
Q

cytokines regulate

A

magnitude and duration of immune response

77
Q

families of cytokines

A

interleukins
chemokines
interferons

78
Q

interleukins

A

designated by IL-#

79
Q

chemokines

A

small molecular weigh cytokines

80
Q

interferons

A

interfere w/ virus replication

81
Q

type I interferons

A

alpha and beta

82
Q

type II interferons

A

interferon gamma

83
Q

how do cytokines act

A

autocrin
paracrine
endocrine

84
Q

autocrine in regards to cytokines

A

cell producing the cytokine is responsive to cytokine

85
Q

paracrine in regards to cytokines

A

cell that is responding to cytokin is adj. to cell producing the cytokine

86
Q

endocrine in regards to cytokines

A

not as common for cytokines

87
Q

pleiotropy in regards to cytokines

A

one cytoken different responses from different cells

88
Q

redundancy in regards to cytokines

A

more than one cytokine same response from cell

89
Q

synergy in regards to cytokines

A

response to cell to two cytokines is much greater than you would expect if those two were added individually

90
Q

antagonism in regards to cytokines

A

effects of one cytokine opposes another

91
Q

interleukin receptor naming

A

IL followed by R

ex: IL-2R

92
Q

most interleuken receptors signal via what pathway

A

jak stat pathway

93
Q

jak state pathway

A

receptor that consists of two chains so the two chains come together when by bind ligand.
two of the chains have jak kinases associated withtails. one ligand binds dimerization of reeptor, brings jak close enough that they can autophosphorylate and phosphorylate the tails. the phosphotyrosine form docking site for state and then state echo 11:01

94
Q

draw interleukin jak-stat pathway

A

pg 34

95
Q

IL2R superfamily share what chain

A

IL2R gamma chain

96
Q

in presence if IL3 the progenitor cell is biased to differentiate

A

along the lymphoid lineage

97
Q

If there is IL3 and GM-CSF then bised to differentaite

A

along myeloid lineage

98
Q

myeloid lineage gives rise to

A 
neutrophils
eosinophils
mast cells
basophils
monocytes → macrophages
99
Q

prominent barrier to infection in epidermis

A

include fatty layer that’s secreted by keratinocytes in stratum granulocum - note the fat is contained in lamellar bodies

100
Q

interferon alpha and interferon beta are both

A

type I interferon

101
Q

detection of viral genomes by intracellular RIG-1 & MDA5 couples to the production of what

A

type I interferon

Immunology (12 decks)

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