Introduction to Infectious Agents Flashcards
define immunology
the study of how the human body protects itself from threats from without (pathogenic viruses and bacteria etc.) and from within (malignancies).
what is the immune system
consists of cells, organs, and molecules that are all concerned with defense and resistance to infection and malignancies
what is the physiologic function of immune system
prevent infections/malignancies and to eradicate established infections/tumors.
what is the first response when there is a pathogen
innate response
what is the second response to pathogen
adaptive immune response
the immune system need to distinguish b/w what
harmful and non-harmful
how long does smallpox vaccine last
at least 70 years
what is a pathogen
agent that has potential to cause disease
what are true pathogens
always cause disease
what are opportunisitic pathogens
only cause disease if immune system is comporomised
what is an important feature of initial immune response regarding loccation
where the infection is - if it is inside or outside cell
when immune system is targeting pathogen what is it targeting
discreet structures: antigen
what is an antigen
anything that can be recognized by the immune system
can all antigens induce immune response
no
what is immunogen
anything that can induce an immune resposnse
antigens that can induce immune response are immunogenic
all immunogens are
antigens
not all antigens are
immunogens
what is an epitope
portion of antigen that is recognised by immune system
what is another word for antigenic determinant
epitope
any given antigen may contain a large number of:
epitopes
vaccines need to have enough epitopes, explain
different people respond differently to vaccines, we need to have enough epitopes in vaccines that everyone is protected
first encounter for pathogen
can be skin, ciliated epithelium, epithelial cells of gastro tract, commensal flora
innate response is dominated by
neutrophils
neutrophils carry out what action
phagocytosis
is phagocytosis by neutrophils specific
no
what is the function of neutrophils
first response, doesn’t eliminate the infection but holds it off so that B and T cells can combat the infection
it buys time for adaptive response
adaptive immunity has specific attack?
yes
when is the peak of adaptive response
around day 10 of infection
innate response is maximized when
around day 2
what are some characteristics of innate response
rapid
fixed
limited number of specificities
constant during response
what are some characteristics of adaptive response
slow
variable
numerous highly selective specificites
improve during response
what is similar b/w innate and adaptive response
common effector mechanism for destruction of pathogen
what cells are active in innate immune response
phagocytes granulocytes antigen presenting cells cytotoxic cells soluble factors
what are three examples of granulocytes that are active in immune response
mast cells
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells
“gate keepers” of inflammation. they decide what is allowed into affected tissue
what is example of antigen presenting cell in innate immune response
dendritic cell
dendtiric cell do what
infiltrate site of infection and pick up fragment of pathogen and take to secondary lymphoid tissue and show to T and B cells
what is example of phagocyte in innate immune response
neutrophils
monocyte/macrophages
what is example of cytotoxic cells
natural kiler cells
what is complement
series of plasma proteins that enhance inflammation
what does complement do
bind over pathogena nd identify for innate cells to engluf and destroy
can call over immune system
what are main components of adaptive immune response
lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
what are some main features of adaptive immune response
induced, delayed specific diverse tolerance of self memory
what happens if adaptive immune response lacks ability to tolerate self
auto-immune disease
describe tolerance of self
ability to discriminate b/w self (harmless) and harmful (non-self)
where are b cells developed
bone marrow
where are T cells developed
start in bone marrow then go to thymus
immunological memory is the basis of what important health development
vaccines
What are the central T cells of adaptive immunity
CD4
What is function of CD4 cells
help B cells make antibody
helps CD8 T cells become killer cells
CD8 T cells are also called what
cytotoxic T lymphocyte
Wht does CTL stand for
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
APC stands for what
antigen presenting cell
what are cytokines
polypeptides that allow communication b/w cells of immune system and cells of immune system and other cells
Draw out diagram of overview of adaptive immune response
pg 28
what does IL stand for
interleukins
What does IFN stand for
Interferons
IL and IFN are examples of what
cytokines
innate and adaptive immune cells fall under what category
leukoctyes
List the dominant to least dominant white blood cell
neutrophil lymphocyte monocyte eosinophil basophil
“Now Let ME Be Done”
CD34+ is example of what
hematopoietic stem cell
CD
cluster of differentiation
what are CD molecules
can define particular subsets of cells
by time of birth where is all hematopoeisis occuring
bone
myeloid lineage gives rise to what
mainly cells of innate response
vast majority of adaptive response is dependent on what cell
dendritic cell
monocyte are circulating counterpart of what
macrophage
depending on tissue destination, what happens to macrophage
changes name, i think it differentiates to different things depending on location
t cells will not do anything unless:
antigen is shown to them
how do cells of innate immune know something is there that shouldn’t be
they have receptors on surface that recognize structures common to pathogens and not common to our own cells
molecular patterns bind to what
pattern recognitino receptors (PRR)
PRR stands for what
pattern recognitino receptor
vast majority of antibody response require help from which cell
T cell
what is primary lymphoid tissue
where lymphocytes develop and where the majorty if lymphocytes are killed off
what are secondary lymphoid tissue
where specific immune response is induced
what location is primary lymphoid tissue
bone marrow & thymus
what location is secondary lymphoid tissue
spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
where is main lympohid tissue that deals with infections in blood
spleen
What produce antibodies
B cells
B cells need help from what to produce antibody
CD4 T cells
What are two examples of T cells
CD4 and CD8
How do B and T cells not kill “self”
during development the self recognition part is killed off
