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Immunology > Introduction to Infectious Agents > Flashcards

Introduction to Infectious Agents Flashcards

1
Q

define immunology

A

the study of how the human body protects itself from threats from without (pathogenic viruses and bacteria etc.) and from within (malignancies).

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2
Q

what is the immune system

A

consists of cells, organs, and molecules that are all concerned with defense and resistance to infection and malignancies

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3
Q

what is the physiologic function of immune system

A

prevent infections/malignancies and to eradicate established infections/tumors.

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4
Q

what is the first response when there is a pathogen

A

innate response

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5
Q

what is the second response to pathogen

A

adaptive immune response

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6
Q

the immune system need to distinguish b/w what

A

harmful and non-harmful

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7
Q

how long does smallpox vaccine last

A

at least 70 years

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8
Q

what is a pathogen

A

agent that has potential to cause disease

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9
Q

what are true pathogens

A

always cause disease

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10
Q

what are opportunisitic pathogens

A

only cause disease if immune system is comporomised

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11
Q

what is an important feature of initial immune response regarding loccation

A

where the infection is - if it is inside or outside cell

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12
Q

when immune system is targeting pathogen what is it targeting

A

discreet structures: antigen

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13
Q

what is an antigen

A

anything that can be recognized by the immune system

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14
Q

can all antigens induce immune response

A

no

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15
Q

what is immunogen

A

anything that can induce an immune resposnse

antigens that can induce immune response are immunogenic

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16
Q

all immunogens are

A

antigens

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17
Q

not all antigens are

A

immunogens

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18
Q

what is an epitope

A

portion of antigen that is recognised by immune system

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19
Q

what is another word for antigenic determinant

A

epitope

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20
Q

any given antigen may contain a large number of:

A

epitopes

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21
Q

vaccines need to have enough epitopes, explain

A

different people respond differently to vaccines, we need to have enough epitopes in vaccines that everyone is protected

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22
Q

first encounter for pathogen

A

can be skin, ciliated epithelium, epithelial cells of gastro tract, commensal flora

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23
Q

innate response is dominated by

A

neutrophils

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24
Q

neutrophils carry out what action

A

phagocytosis

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25
Q

is phagocytosis by neutrophils specific

A

no

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26
Q

what is the function of neutrophils

A

first response, doesn’t eliminate the infection but holds it off so that B and T cells can combat the infection
it buys time for adaptive response

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27
Q

adaptive immunity has specific attack?

A

yes

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28
Q

when is the peak of adaptive response

A

around day 10 of infection

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29
Q

innate response is maximized when

A

around day 2

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30
Q

what are some characteristics of innate response

A

rapid
fixed
limited number of specificities
constant during response

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31
Q

what are some characteristics of adaptive response

A

slow
variable
numerous highly selective specificites
improve during response

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32
Q

what is similar b/w innate and adaptive response

A

common effector mechanism for destruction of pathogen

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33
Q

what cells are active in innate immune response

A 
phagocytes
granulocytes
antigen presenting cells
cytotoxic cells
soluble factors
34
Q

what are three examples of granulocytes that are active in immune response

A

mast cells
eosinophils
basophils

35
Q

mast cells

A

“gate keepers” of inflammation. they decide what is allowed into affected tissue

36
Q

what is example of antigen presenting cell in innate immune response

A

dendritic cell

37
Q

dendtiric cell do what

A

infiltrate site of infection and pick up fragment of pathogen and take to secondary lymphoid tissue and show to T and B cells

38
Q

what is example of phagocyte in innate immune response

A

neutrophils

monocyte/macrophages

39
Q

what is example of cytotoxic cells

A

natural kiler cells

40
Q

what is complement

A

series of plasma proteins that enhance inflammation

41
Q

what does complement do

A

bind over pathogena nd identify for innate cells to engluf and destroy
can call over immune system

42
Q

what are main components of adaptive immune response

A

lymphocytes: T cells and B cells

43
Q

what are some main features of adaptive immune response

A 
induced, delayed
specific
diverse
tolerance of self
memory
44
Q

what happens if adaptive immune response lacks ability to tolerate self

A

auto-immune disease

45
Q

describe tolerance of self

A

ability to discriminate b/w self (harmless) and harmful (non-self)

46
Q

where are b cells developed

A

bone marrow

47
Q

where are T cells developed

A

start in bone marrow then go to thymus

48
Q

immunological memory is the basis of what important health development

A

vaccines

49
Q

What are the central T cells of adaptive immunity

A

CD4

50
Q

What is function of CD4 cells

A

help B cells make antibody

helps CD8 T cells become killer cells

51
Q

CD8 T cells are also called what

A

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

52
Q

Wht does CTL stand for

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

53
Q

APC stands for what

A

antigen presenting cell

54
Q

what are cytokines

A

polypeptides that allow communication b/w cells of immune system and cells of immune system and other cells

55
Q

Draw out diagram of overview of adaptive immune response

A

pg 28

56
Q

what does IL stand for

A

interleukins

57
Q

What does IFN stand for

A

Interferons

58
Q

IL and IFN are examples of what

A

cytokines

59
Q

innate and adaptive immune cells fall under what category

A

leukoctyes

60
Q

List the dominant to least dominant white blood cell

A 
neutrophil
lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil

“Now Let ME Be Done”

61
Q

CD34+ is example of what

A

hematopoietic stem cell

62
Q

CD

A

cluster of differentiation

63
Q

what are CD molecules

A

can define particular subsets of cells

64
Q

by time of birth where is all hematopoeisis occuring

A

bone

65
Q

myeloid lineage gives rise to what

A

mainly cells of innate response

66
Q

vast majority of adaptive response is dependent on what cell

A

dendritic cell

67
Q

monocyte are circulating counterpart of what

A

macrophage

68
Q

depending on tissue destination, what happens to macrophage

A

changes name, i think it differentiates to different things depending on location

69
Q

t cells will not do anything unless:

A

antigen is shown to them

70
Q

how do cells of innate immune know something is there that shouldn’t be

A

they have receptors on surface that recognize structures common to pathogens and not common to our own cells

71
Q

molecular patterns bind to what

A

pattern recognitino receptors (PRR)

72
Q

PRR stands for what

A

pattern recognitino receptor

73
Q

vast majority of antibody response require help from which cell

A

T cell

74
Q

what is primary lymphoid tissue

A

where lymphocytes develop and where the majorty if lymphocytes are killed off

75
Q

what are secondary lymphoid tissue

A

where specific immune response is induced

76
Q

what location is primary lymphoid tissue

A

bone marrow & thymus

77
Q

what location is secondary lymphoid tissue

A

spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

78
Q

where is main lympohid tissue that deals with infections in blood

A

spleen

79
Q

What produce antibodies

A

B cells

80
Q

B cells need help from what to produce antibody

A

CD4 T cells

81
Q

What are two examples of T cells

A

CD4 and CD8

82
Q

How do B and T cells not kill “self”

A

during development the self recognition part is killed off

Immunology (12 decks)

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