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Immunology > Introduction to Viruses 2 > Flashcards

Introduction to Viruses 2 Flashcards

1
Q

vast majority of DNA viruses have

A

double stranded genome

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2
Q

vast majority of RNA viruse have

A

single stranded genome

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3
Q

parovirus is what kind of genome

A

single stranded DNA

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4
Q

what is the only family that has single stranded DNA

A

parovirus

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5
Q

where do DNA viruses replicate

A

where the majority of our DNA is: nucleus

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6
Q

what is exception to DNA replication

A

Pox viruses - replicate in cytoplasm

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7
Q

where do RNA viruses replicate

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

what is exception to RNA viruses replicate

A

orthomyxoviruses - replicates in nucleus

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9
Q

what DNA families replicate in both nucleus and cytoplasm

A

retrovirus

hepadnavirus

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10
Q

baltimore classification is classified based on

A

replication strategy

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11
Q

ds DNA virus, how will it replicate?

A

nucleus

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12
Q

exceptoin to route for DNA virus, how will it replicate?

A

poxvirus will replicate in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

replication strategy for majority of double stranded DNA viruses

A

in nucleus

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14
Q

in the nucleus the viral DNA genome is transcribed by

A

host RNA polymerase

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15
Q

for large DNA viruses they will have what right away

A

immediate early and early gene products

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16
Q

viral DNA polymerase - ds DNA

A

some viruses encode their own, host cells would only have it in S phase, they wouldn’t have sufficient to replicate their genome

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17
Q

depending on cell virus affects it can utilize

A

host DNA polymerase

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18
Q

for herpes virus they encode their own

A

viral DNA polymerase

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19
Q

what needs to be packaged

A

enzymes that are required to get to mRNA stage

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20
Q

regarding DNA polymerase, the virus just has to

A

encode it

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21
Q

viral DNA polymerase will do what

A

replicate viral genome

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22
Q

late proteins are

A

structural proteins of virus

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23
Q

do DNA virus have to package DNA enzyme

A

no b/c the host cell can provide enzyme needed to get to mRNA

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24
Q

what is exception to DNA replication

A

pox virus - they replicate in cytoplasm, so even though host cell has the enzyme needed to get to mRNA, it won’t be found in the cytoplasm, so they have to package RNA polymerase

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25
Q

pox virus has to package

A

RNA polymerase

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26
Q

RNA polymerase in pox virus is packaged

A

in virion itself

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27
Q

anything packaged also has to be

A

encoded

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28
Q

once there is mRNA what is made

A

early proteins

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29
Q

for pox viruses to replicate genome it has to encode

A

DNA polymerase

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30
Q

does pox virus package DNA polymerase

A

no - it is translated from first wave

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31
Q

list out steps of normal double stranded DNA proliferation

A

pg 33

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32
Q

list out steps of exception double stranded DNA replication

A

pg 34

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33
Q

once mRNA is made it can be translated

A

into any protein the Virus needs

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34
Q

single stranded DNA family are

A

paroviruses

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35
Q

exception to double stranded DNA

A

poxvirus

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36
Q

list steps for single stranded DNA viral replication

A

pg 36

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37
Q

once single stranded DNA is in host cell genome what happens

A

the host RNA polymerase will transcribe it

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38
Q

once mRNA of single stranded DNA is made it will

A

go to cytoplasm and make protein

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39
Q

paroviruses viruses infect what kind of cell

A

replicating cells

erythrocytes

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40
Q

for ss DNA what will replicate the genome

A

host DNA polymerase will replicate genome

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41
Q

double stranded RNA virus family

A

riovirus (rotavirus is part of that family)

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42
Q

majority of rna virus replicate in

A

cytoplasm

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43
Q

ds RNA genome has to be transcribed into

A

mRNA

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44
Q

list steps of ds RNA replication

A

37

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45
Q

ds RNA has to package

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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46
Q

the viral rna transcriptase used for ds RNA is

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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47
Q

mRNA in ds RNA replication is translated into

A

proteins

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48
Q

mRNA is used to also make

A

viral RNA replicase

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49
Q

what is viral RNA replicase

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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50
Q

new copies of genome are

A

encapsulated and released from the cell

51
Q

positive sense RNA can be

A

directly translated into proteins

52
Q

+ssRNA genome steps

A

pg 38

53
Q

in +ssRNA does RNA dependent RNA polymerase need to be packaged

A

no

54
Q

why doesn’t +ssRNA need to package RNA dependent RNA polymerase

A

it’s not needed to get to mRNA stage

55
Q

-ssRNA virus what are examples

A

influenza, measles, rabies

56
Q

influenza virus replicates in the

A

nucleus (this is exception!)

57
Q

in influenz does the site of replication have anything to do with how it replicates

A

no b/c we don’t have the rna dependent rna polymerase so it doesn’t matter where it’s replicated

58
Q

list steps for -ssRNA replication

A

pg 39

59
Q

in -ssRNA genome rna dependent rna polymerase

A

is packaged in virion

60
Q

in replication cycle of -ssRNA there is intermediate called

A

replication form - ds RNA

61
Q

complementary starnd to genome in -ssRNA is

A

mRNA

62
Q

+sense RNA virus it can be

A

direclyt translated into proteins

63
Q

-sense RNA virus

A

genome cannot be direclyt translated, need to make complementary strand

64
Q

enzyme needed for -sense RNA

A

has to be packaged as part of the virus

65
Q

HIV is what kind of virus

A

retrovirus

66
Q

why is HIV not considered part of +sense?

A

although genome is +sense, it’s not available for translation

67
Q

list steps for +ssRNA with DNA intermediate

A

pg 41

68
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

has three catalytic activities

69
Q

what is first activity of reverse transcriptase

A

rna dependent DNA polymerase

makes rna to make complimentary dna strand

70
Q

second function of reverse transcriptase

A

dna dependent dna polymerase

uses dna strand to make template to the strand

71
Q

third function of reverse transcriptase

A

ribonuclease - degrades the rna strand

72
Q

what happens at end of +ss RNA with DNA intermediate

A

stays in host cell nucleus, will not be transcribed unless cell is activated

73
Q

what enzyme does HIV bring with it to process proteins into mature form

A

protease

74
Q

viral proteins made in +ss RNA with DNA intermediate (HIV)

A

precurser proteins - have to be made into mature form

75
Q

why is protease packaged (in viruses like HIV)

A

it is still working when virus is budding from cell

76
Q

unless cell is activated, HIV will

A

be provirus in nculeus, will not be made or transcribed or infect new cells

77
Q

HBV stands for

A

hepatitis B virus

78
Q

partial dsDNA genome example

A

HBV

79
Q

steps of partial dsDNA genome with RNA intermediate

A

pg 44

80
Q

viral dna polymerase in HBV

A

reverse transcriptase

81
Q

HBV uses what to make mRNA

A

host RNA polymerase

82
Q

HBV has what kind of genome

A

Partially double-stranded DNA with RNA intermediate

83
Q

why does HBV virus bring the enzyme with it

A

it doesn’t need it, it could use host cell enzyme
reverse transcriptase is packaged and encoded is b/c its required for packaging genome (needs reverse transcriptase to package!)

84
Q

look at chart on pg 48-49

A

look at virion for each and understand

85
Q

depending on where virus assembles it determines where what are

A

inclusion bodies are

inclusion bodies are deposits of protein falling out of solution b/c there’s so much protein being made

86
Q

virus that assemble in nucleus, what kind of inclusion bodies?

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies (herpes)

87
Q

virus that assemble in cytoplasm there will be what kind of inclusion bodies

A

intracytoplasmid inclusion bodies

88
Q

if there are inclusion bodies or not depends on what?

A

depends on level of protein production

89
Q

naked viruses will do what for release

A

burst open cell

90
Q

envelop virus will require what for release

A

envelope from membrane bound body in cell - almost always plasma membrane

91
Q

when viruses are budding they will indictate where they will bud by doing what

A

inserting peplomers at that site

92
Q

naked virus released by

A

lysis

93
Q

envelop virus released by

A

budding

94
Q

herpes virus aquires envelope in what process

A

2 step process

95
Q

2 step process of herpes virus envelop aquirement

A

assembles in nucleus, when it buds out of nuclear membrane it aquires envelope from inner nuclear membrane. that envleop efuses with outer nuclear membrane and that first envelop eis lost. the final envelope is aquired by budding into the golgi and then continues to plasma membrane and outside of cell

96
Q

secondary envelop of herpes virus aquired by

A

golgi

97
Q

ex of segmented RNA genome

A

influenza virus (8 different segments)

98
Q

what can happen w / segmented genomes

A

if a cell is infected with (ex: two strains of influenza A virus), it can mix and match its genomes
reassortment!

99
Q

what is re-assortment used to do

A

used to generate influenza vaccines

100
Q

virus 1 and virus 2 (types of influenza) the different influenza RNA gene segments can be (what is result)

A

reassorted b/w themselves, so there can be virus that have features of both 1 and 2

101
Q

what would re-assortment be used for regarding vaccines

A

generate a live vaccine that is weakened (live attenuated vaccine)

102
Q

if there virulent strain of flu, how would you make a vaccine to protect ppl against it

A

grow the vaccine up with a weakened strain of the flu in fertilized chick eggs and it will reassort its genome
at end select for virus that has weakened nature of the one strain but has antigens of the virulent strain

103
Q

external proteins dictate what

A

tropoism of virus

104
Q

another mixing that can happen b/w viruses besides reassortment?

A

mixing of surface proteins

105
Q

describe what is mixed when viruses mix their surface proteins

A

peplomers of envelope virus

or capsid proteins of naked virus

106
Q

a cell that is affected with two different viruses may have altered

A

tropoism

107
Q

what is ultimate result of a virus that mixes surface proteins

A

that virus that leaves could have different tropism and infect another type of cell. however, it will only affect the different cell once b/c its genome hasn’t changed, so when it reproduces it will go back to what it could affect before

108
Q

in mixing of surface proteins of two viruses, what is mixed regarding phenotype and genotype

A

changing of phenotype, genome doesn’t change

109
Q

laboratory diagnosis of viral disesase

A

detection of virus
direct detection of viral antigens
serological analysis
molecular analysis of genetic material

110
Q

dhow is detection of virus usually done

A

culture of virus

if virus has hemagglutin can detect certain properties

111
Q

HAI

A

can be done for viruses that have hemagglutinin

112
Q

determine amount of virus what assay used

A

viral plaque assay

113
Q

viral plaque assay

A

grow cells that are susceptible to infection by virus of interest
prepare different dilutions of virus (b/c when starting off don’t know how much you have)
incubate
virus infects cell
get cell lysis
sufficient cells lysed that you can see it
count plaques to know how much virus is there

114
Q

basis of viral plaque assay

A

virus lysing the cell it infects

115
Q

dilution factor is inverse of

A

dilution

116
Q

everywhere a virus infects a cell the virus

A

will lead to cell death

117
Q

area of cell death is called

A

plaque (viral plaque)

118
Q

count number of plaques what will it tell you

A

tell you how much virus is there

119
Q

to determine how much virus is there after you get the plaques, what do you do?

A

multiply number of plaques by dilution number

120
Q

in plaque assay you always have to change the mL it was plated in to be

A

1 mL

121
Q

for viral plaque assay you need to know number of plaques in

A

1 mL

122
Q

five hours following infection with polio virus, what happens

A

all the proteins being made inside the cell are poliovirus proteins
the poliovirus hijacks the cell

123
Q

live vaccine that is weakened is called

A

live attenuated vaccine

Immunology (12 decks)

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