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AUBF > Introduction to Urinalysis > Flashcards

Introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys continuously form urine as an _____ of ______.

A

Ultrafiltrate of plasma

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2
Q

Reabsorption of water and filtered substances essential to body function converts approximately ________ of filtered plasma to the average daily urine input of _______

A

170,000 mL
1200 mL

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3
Q

Urine is normally ____ and _____

A

95% water and 5% solutes

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4
Q

A metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids, accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine.

A

Urea

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5
Q

The major inorganic substances dissolved in urine is

A

chloride, followed by sodium and potassium

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6
Q

The organic substances in urine include primarily of

A

creatinine and uric acid

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7
Q

It depends on the amount of water that the kidneys excrete

A

Urine volume

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8
Q

Primary components in normal urine

A

urea
creatinine
uric acid
chloride
sodium
potassium
phosphate
ammonium
calcium

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9
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Primary organic component. Product of protein and amino acid metabolism

A

Urea

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10
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Product of creatinine metabolism by muscles

A

Creatinine

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11
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells

A

Uric acid

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12
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Primary inorganic component. Found in combination with sodium (table salt) and many other inorganic substances

A

Chloride

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13
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Primarily from salt, varies by intake

A

Sodium

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14
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Combined with chloride and other salts

A

Potassium

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15
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Combines with sodium to buffer the blood

A

Phosphate

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16
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

A

Ammonium

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17
Q

Primary components in normal urine:

Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate

A

Calcium

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18
Q

Situated primarily in the renal cortex

A

Cortical nephron

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19
Q

Primarily responsible for the removal of waste products

A

Cortical nephron

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20
Q

Its primary function is urine concentration

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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21
Q

A non-selective filter of plasma substances

A

Glomerulus

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22
Q

Is the blood volume delivered to the kidneys/unit time

A

Renal blood flow

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23
Q

the primary step in making urine

A

Glomerular filtration

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24
Q

It is the renal process that involves with the filtration of ecxess fluid & waste products out of the blood into the collecting tubules, that facilitates their allow elimination

A

Glomerular filtration

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25
Q

Is the best test to measure the level of renal function & determine the stages of renal diseases

A

Glomerular filtration rate

26
Q

Is the process by which water & solutes are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

27
Q

Is a passive process whereby drugs are reabsorbed into the systemic circulation from the lumen of the distal tubules

A

Tubular reabsorption

28
Q

It is the transfer of materials from peritubular capilllaries to the renal tubular lumen

A

Tubular secreyion

29
Q

Is caused mainly by passive diffusion & active transport

A

Tubular secretion

30
Q

It originates from the aorta and provides blood supply to the kidneys

A

Renal artery

31
Q

total renal blood flow

A

1200 mL/min, or 600 mL/min (ave body size 1.73 m2)

32
Q

total renal plasma flow

A

600 to 700 mL/min

33
Q

Short version of renal blood flow:

A

Renal artery –> afferent arteriole –> efferent arteriole –> proximal convoluted tubule capillaries –> vasa recta/loop of henle –> distal convolutes tubule capillaries –> renal vein

34
Q

its function is primary reabsorption

A

Proximal convolute tubule

35
Q

Site where finaal urine concentration takes places

A

Distal convoluted tubule

36
Q

Site where major exchanges of water and salts

A

Vasa recta

37
Q

approximately _______ or ________ of the renal plasma is filtered through the glomeruli forming the ultrafiltrate

A

1/5 or 120 mL/min

38
Q

Has a similar composition with blood plasma yet it is normally free of protein except for about 10 mg/dL of low molecular-weight protein

A

Ultrafiltrate

39
Q

Composition of the filtered products:

A

water, glucose, electrolytes, amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia

40
Q

refers to the movement of water & small solutes, (coming from the blood) flowing through the glomerulus, across the porous filtration membrane

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

41
Q

is proportional to the body size varies with sex & age

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

42
Q

is used to monitor the progression of kidney diseases

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

43
Q

is an important indicator of renal function

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

44
Q

The 3 cellular layers that the plasma filtrate must pass through:

A
  1. the capillary wall membrane
  2. the basement membrane (basal lamina)
  3. the visceral epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
45
Q

Filtration is enhanced by the presence of _________ resulting from the smaller size of the efferent arteriole & the glomerular capillaries.

A

hydrostatic pressure

46
Q

↑ing or ↓ing the afferent arteriole size leads to the development of a _______________ that can keep the glomerular BP at a relatively constant rate regardless of systemic BP fluctuations

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus autoregulatory mechanism

47
Q

prevent a marked ↓in blood flowing through the kidney, hence preventing an ↑ in the blood level of toxic waste products

A

afferent arterioles dilation & efferent arterioles constriction during BP drops

48
Q

prevents over-filtration or glomerular damage

A

afferent arteriole constriction during BP elevations

49
Q

Where does Glomerular filtration takes place?

A

Renal corpuscle

50
Q

tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion happen all along the

A

renal tubule & collecting duct.

51
Q

controls blood flow regulation to & within the glomerulus

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

52
Q

Is involved in regulating urine concentration & volume

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

53
Q

is sensitive to BP changes & plasma sodium content

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

54
Q

it controls aldosterone secretion

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

55
Q

is an enzyme (aka an angiotensinogenase) synthesized by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys

A

Renin

56
Q

is responsible in converting angiotensinogen, (a plasma protein produced by the liver), into angiotensin I

A

Renin

57
Q

present in the lungs converts the passing angiotensin I into its active form angiotensin II

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

58
Q

the sodium-retaining hormone

A

Aldosterone

59
Q

produced in the outer section (cortex) of the adrenal glands

A

Aldosterone

60
Q

is a major mineralocorticoid that aids in the regulation of homeostasis of 2 mineral ions, namely sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+)

A

Aldosterone

61
Q

it promotes H+ excretion in the urine; this acid removal from the body can help prevent acidosis (blood pH below 7.35)

A

Aldosterone

AUBF (38 decks)

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