Introduction to the Science of Behaviour Flashcards
What is the duel pathway model?
Give examples of each pathway.
It states that there are X2 main ways in which psychology may influence health:
1) direct
= pshyconeuroimmunology
2) indirect
= psychology affects behaviour which in turn affects health
What are the X3 behaviour models and which psychologist and animal/object is associated with each?
1) classical conditioning
= Pavlov
= dogs
2) operant conditioning
= skinner
= rats
3) social learning theory
= bandura
= boho doll
What process does classical conditioning use?
Associative learning
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus?
An environmental stimulus that prompts an unconscious response
E.g. food causing salivation
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned response?
An unconscious response to a stimuli
E.g. salivation from food
In classical conditioning, what is an conditioned stimulus?
A stimulus which normally produces no unconscious response, but when presented in tandem with an unconditioned stimulus can be associatively learnt to provoke the unconscious response when presented alone
In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response?
An unconscious response from a conditioned stimulus
E.g. salivating from a noise
Can classical conditioning be un-learnt?
What is this process called?
Yes, if the conditioned stimuli is presented and not followed up with the unconscious stimuli then the conditioned response will cease
Habituation
With respect to classical conditioning, what is spontaneous recovery?
The conditioned response may spontaneously reoccur after a short period of habituation
With respect to classical conditioning, what is generalisation?
What is discrimination?
Generalisation = conditioned response may transfer to similar stimuli
E.g. bells to whistles to other noises of a similar pitch
Discrimination = conditioned response will not transfer to stimuli that are different
Give an example of classical conditioning in medicine?
The link between chemo drugs induced emesis and the hospital setting
(Special drink to dissociate the emesis from hospital)
What experiment and film are linked to classical conditionings?
Poor little Albert (careful as uses rats but is NOT operant conditioning)
Clockwork orange
What is operant conditioning?
Behaviour is learn through a process of reinforcement and punishment
What positive and negative actions can be used to strengthen good behaviour?
Adding something positive
Removing something negative
What positive and negative actions can be used to weaken bad behaviour?
Adding something unpleasant (negative)
Removing something valued or desired (positive)
In operant conditioning, what happens if reinforcement occurs sooner after the behaviour?
The behaviour alteration is stronger
What factors can affect the degree of behaviour alteration in operant conditioning?
If the gain is suited to the person
If the gain is larger or potential loss is larger
If the reinforcement is quick and consistent
Who pioneered operant conditioning and on what animal?
Skinner with rats
What is the social learning model?
Learning via observing others
What makes learning by observing others (social learning theory) stronger?
Observing others be rewarded or punished
What things can cause problems with the idea of social learning theories?
Knowledge changes things - we do not simple see then do, we think
Opportunity can affect decisions (e.g. if smoking is expensive and less accessible more people may chose not to)
What behavioural framework builds on the previous behavioural theories and takes into account opportunity etc?
What are the parts that comprise this framework?
COM-B
Capability
Opportunity
Motivation
All lead to behaviour
