Introduction to the Science of Behaviour

Question 1

What is the duel pathway model?

Give examples of each pathway.

Answer 1

It states that there are X2 main ways in which psychology may influence health:

1) direct
= pshyconeuroimmunology

2) indirect
= psychology affects behaviour which in turn affects health

Question 2

What are the X3 behaviour models and which psychologist and animal/object is associated with each?

Answer 2

1) classical conditioning
= Pavlov
= dogs

2) operant conditioning
= skinner
= rats

3) social learning theory
= bandura
= boho doll

Question 3

What process does classical conditioning use?

Answer 3

Associative learning

Question 4

In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 4

An environmental stimulus that prompts an unconscious response

E.g. food causing salivation

Question 5

In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned response?

Answer 5

An unconscious response to a stimuli

E.g. salivation from food

Question 6

In classical conditioning, what is an conditioned stimulus?

Answer 6

A stimulus which normally produces no unconscious response, but when presented in tandem with an unconditioned stimulus can be associatively learnt to provoke the unconscious response when presented alone

Question 7

In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response?

Answer 7

An unconscious response from a conditioned stimulus

E.g. salivating from a noise

Question 8

Can classical conditioning be un-learnt?

What is this process called?

Answer 8

Yes, if the conditioned stimuli is presented and not followed up with the unconscious stimuli then the conditioned response will cease

Habituation

Question 9

With respect to classical conditioning, what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 9

The conditioned response may spontaneously reoccur after a short period of habituation

Question 10

With respect to classical conditioning, what is generalisation?

What is discrimination?

Answer 10

Generalisation = conditioned response may transfer to similar stimuli

E.g. bells to whistles to other noises of a similar pitch

Discrimination = conditioned response will not transfer to stimuli that are different

Question 11

Give an example of classical conditioning in medicine?

Answer 11

The link between chemo drugs induced emesis and the hospital setting

(Special drink to dissociate the emesis from hospital)

Question 12

What experiment and film are linked to classical conditionings?

Answer 12

Poor little Albert (careful as uses rats but is NOT operant conditioning)

Clockwork orange

Question 13

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 13

Behaviour is learn through a process of reinforcement and punishment

Question 14

What positive and negative actions can be used to strengthen good behaviour?

Answer 14

Adding something positive

Removing something negative

Question 15

What positive and negative actions can be used to weaken bad behaviour?

Answer 15

Adding something unpleasant (negative)

Removing something valued or desired (positive)

Question 16

In operant conditioning, what happens if reinforcement occurs sooner after the behaviour?

Answer 16

The behaviour alteration is stronger

Question 17

What factors can affect the degree of behaviour alteration in operant conditioning?

Answer 17

If the gain is suited to the person

If the gain is larger or potential loss is larger

If the reinforcement is quick and consistent

Question 18

Who pioneered operant conditioning and on what animal?

Answer 18

Skinner with rats

Question 19

What is the social learning model?

Answer 19

Learning via observing others

Question 20

What makes learning by observing others (social learning theory) stronger?

Answer 20

Observing others be rewarded or punished

Question 21

What things can cause problems with the idea of social learning theories?

Answer 21

Knowledge changes things - we do not simple see then do, we think

Opportunity can affect decisions (e.g. if smoking is expensive and less accessible more people may chose not to)

Question 22

What behavioural framework builds on the previous behavioural theories and takes into account opportunity etc?

What are the parts that comprise this framework?

Answer 22

COM-B

Capability
Opportunity
Motivation

All lead to behaviour