Introduction to the Nervous System QUIZ 2 Flashcards
The central nervous system is comprised of what?
brain and spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system do?
connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands
The PNS is subdivided into what 3 groups?
somatic nervous system (SNS)
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
enteric nervous system
the ANS is further divided into what?
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
the sympathetic nervous system is also known as:
fight or flight
what is white matter made of?
myelinated axons
grey matter consists of?
clusters of nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals.
unmyelinated axons or neuroglia
what is the orientation of grey matter in the spinal cord and brain
spinal cord = inner, butterfly shaped
brain = outer layer
What are the major regions of the brain?
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem
What is the largest portion of the brain?
cerebrum
What are the areas of the cerebrum??
cerebral cortex
inner white matter
basal ganglia
limbic system
What are the areas of the diencephalon?
thalamus
pituitary gland and hypothalamus
What are the areas of the brain stem?
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Why is the cerebral cortex heavily folded?
to accommodate an increased number of interneurons
What does the frontal lobe do?
thinking, reasoning, personality, intelligence, judgement, language, posterior part of the frontal lobe is the motor cortex
What do the parietal lobes do?
language and somatosensory
What do the temporal lobes do?
hearing, language, smell
What do the occipital lobes do?
interpretation of visual stimuli
What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
sensory areas - interpret sensory input
motor areas - determine motor output
association areas - emotions, reason, intellect, language
What is the inner white matter of the brain?
groups of myelinated axons called tracts
convey info from one area to another in the brain
includes the corpus callosum which communicates between right and left hemispheres.
What is the function of the basal ganglia
Involved in control of large automatic muscle movement and muscle tone.
(Parkinson’s)
What is the function of the limbic system?
the emotional brain (pain, pleasure, anger)
includes the amygdala, important in emotional response to stimuli
the hippocampus is important for creating new memories
What is the function of the thalamus?
major relay station for most sensory impulses to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from spinal cord and brainstem
What is the function of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?
the hypothalamus is the communication centre between the endocrine system and nervous system.
Pituitary gland releases hormones
What is the function of the the cerebellum?
unconscious regulation of balance
hand eye coordination
What area of the brain is involved in relaying nerves to and from the spinal cord to the brain?
the pons, medulla oblongata and midbrain
What part of the brain controls subconscious activities such as respiration, blood pressure, heart rate?
the medulla oblongata
What part of the brain wakes up the cerebrum each morning?
reticular activating centre
What are the functions of the spinal cord?
integrates simple responses for certain stimuli
relays info to and from the brain
What are reflexes?
fast, automatic, pre-programmed responses to internal or external stimuli
What are the meninges?
three protective, CT coverings of the brain and spinal cord
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
What does the somatic nervous system consist of?
somatic sensory neurons
somatic motor neurons
Somatic motor neurons convey info to what type of muscles?
skeletal muscles only
What is the enteric nervous system AKA?
the brain of the gut
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
How many nerves pairs come from each section of the spine?
8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic
5 pairs of lumbar
5 pairs of sacral
1 pair of coccygeal
What are spinal nerve branches called?
rami
The anterior rami of all nerves, except these, form plexuses
T2-T12
What are plexuses?
networks of ventral rami that join with adjacent ventral rami to form the final nerves that supply skeletal muscles and glands
What are the 4 principle plexuses?
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
describe Alzheimer’s disease
progressive senile dementia due to widespread deterioration of brain tissue
massage is indicated
describe Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
CNS degeneration of motor neurons only
results in atrophy of skeletal muscles
massage is indicated
describe Bell’s Palsy
flaccid paralysis of one half of the face due to inflammation or damage to the facial nerve
massage is indicated
Describe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
irritation of the median nerve where it passes under the transverse carpal ligament
pain tingling and weakness in index, middle finger and thumb, possibly forearm
massage may be indicated
Describe Cerebral Palsy
a group of disorders diagnosed in early childhood characterized by impaired motor function and possible cognitive and sensory dysfunction.
brain damage in utero, during birth or early infancy
massage is indicated
Describe Cerebrovascular Accident
AKA stroke
Absolute CI, medical emergency
Describe epilepsy
chronic disorder with recurrent seizures which are excessive discharges in cerebral neurons.
refer clients experiencing symptoms to their Doctor
Describe headaches
migraines and tension headaches
migraines usually unilateral and massage is contraindicated
tension headaches usually BL and respond well to massage
