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Immunology 20 > Introduction to the Immune System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

B Cells

CD numbers?
Overall function?
How they go about this?

A

CD19+ AND CD20+

Responsible for mediating the production of antigen specific immunoglobulins (ig) or antibodies.

Do this by expressing a B-cell receptor (BCR) which recognized and binds to only one antigen.
They also present antigens via MHC class II and CD4+ cells.
o
Once it is activated the B cell differentiating into a plasma cell and secretes the antibodies.

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2
Q

What is a Pathogen ?

A

A microscopic organism that causes sickness.

Its surface is covered with antigens.

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3
Q

What is a bacteria ?

Its structure, role and how two types look under observation.

A

Bacteria are single celled microscopic organism that lack a nuclei or any other organized cell structures

They can cause infection, but many are non infection and live in the body already.

They come in various sixes and are classed as either gram negative when there IS an outer membrane. Or gram positive where there IS NOT an outer membrane.

Means they can be stained by gram or not.

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4
Q

What do IL and IFN-y stand for ?

A

IL = Interleukin

IFN-y = Interferon-gamma

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5
Q

What does CD stand for ?

A

Clusters of differentiation

Used to tell what type of immune cell it is that we have.

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6
Q

What is a compliment and what does it do ?

A

Compliment is a group of 20 soluble proteins that helps to to amplify the phagocytic response.

Do this attracting via chemotaxis and enhance phagocytosis (Work as opsonin’s)

Or can attack directly via a membrane attack complex. (MAC) which pierces cell causing cell contents to leak out and for it to die.

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7
Q

What is the name of the helper proteins that act as opsonin’s and chemokines, and can also pierce the cells when banded together ?

A

Complement

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8
Q

What is an Antigen ?

A

A foreign substance that triggers a reaction from the immune system.

Could be a splinter anything like that.

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9
Q

For Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils what are the % populations in blood and each of there main functions ?

A

Neutrophil - 90% / Phagocytosis (Engulf)

  • Eosinophil - 2-5% / Destroy parasites
  • Basophil - 0-2% / Inflammation
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10
Q

What is the overarching function of the immune system ?

A

To protect the body by recognizing foreign antigens and pathogens, attack and finally destroy them.

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11
Q

What is the final type of CD4+ T-cells, specific CD number, their purpose, what do they express and how does this assist their function?

A

T-regulatory cells (CD25+)
There role is to mediate/ reduce the immune response.
They express CD25, Foxp3 and IL-10.
CD25 is the receptor for IL-2 so can receive this from Th1. IL-10 is anti inflammatory and Fox3p is a transcription factor for immune suppression.

Tregs suppress activation, proliferation and cytokine production of CD4+ T-cell and CD8_ t-cells.

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12
Q

T-cells recure activation via 2 methods. One is T-cell binding to the MHC class 1/2 via trhe T-cell receptor (TRR)

What is the other process that is required ?

A

It requires the interaction of CD80 and CD86 from the APC and CD28 of the T-cell, thus causing co-simulation.

Activation cannot happen without both processes.

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13
Q

Following T-cell Binding to MHC Class II what is the result following the Reponses.

A

Growth and proliferation pathway of Tc, more Th cells and B-cells.

Increase in production of innate immune system cells. e.g. NK, Macrophages and Neutrophils.

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14
Q

How can you tell the difference between a immature neutrophil and a mature one.

A

The number of nodes in its nucleus. More lobes = more mature ?

Immature ones are known as band neutrophils.

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15
Q

What cell secretes cytokines like IL2 and IFN-y and is important for anti viral responses ?

A

Th1 Cell

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16
Q

Of the following which are traits for Th cells, Tc cells or for both?

5-10% are T-reg cells
CD3+CD4+
CD3+CD8
CD3+
Co-ordinate the response
Effector (killer) cell
Interact with APC
Show memory
A 
5-10% are T-reg cells - Th
CD3+CD4+ -  Th
CD3+CD8 - Tc
CD3+ - Both
Co-ordinate the response - Th
Effector (killer) cell - Tc
Interact with APC -Th
Show memory - Both
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17
Q

What is another name for Neutrophils, where the are predominantly found, their life span and a common way to identify them ?

A

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN)

90% found in bone marrow, 3% in circulation

3-5 day life span

Indefinable by the number of lobes, One nucleus but can have 3/4 lobes. Older cell = more lobes.

More lobes more effective as more granules. Granules have the killing components within them.

They are major defense again bacteria.

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18
Q

What is the Hormonal immune response?

A
  • B cells are activated
  • Mature into plasma cells
  • Plasma cells secrete immunoglobulin which when binding to antigen become antibody.
  • Antibodies recognize molecule shapes on antigens
  • Bind to antigen directly and act as opsonin to highlight antigen.
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19
Q

Why is treating virus difficult and what common diseases are they the cause of ?

A

Treating viruses is difficult because during replication they change slightly in each infected person.

They are the cause for several common colds in humans but there are up to 200 different types.

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20
Q

Which cell binds to the outside of target, releases perforin to create holds and also causes the cell to commit suicide ?

A

NK Cell

21
Q

What CD numbers do natural killer have, and how does this change through it life cycle ?

A

NK cells are all CD3- (CD3 negative)

They also express CD56. The more CD56 the better its killing ability and anti viral properties, however, the less the more of an anti-tumor cell it is.

22
Q

What are some examples of innate defenses that are non cellular ?

A 
saliva - antibacterial enzymes
tears - antibacterial enzymes
Skin - prevents entry
Mucus lining - trap dirt and microbes
Stomach acid - low PH kills microbes
Good gut bacteria - out compete bad
23
Q

What is a dendritic cell derived from, its main purpose and how it goes about this

A

Derived from a monocyte

Main role is antigen presentation

Do this by sampling fluid and lymph until ingesting a foreign cell via phagocytosis and extra cellular fluids (Pinocytosis)

Once they have been activated they migrate in to lymph nodes and present the antigen so that the adaptive immune system can response.

24
Q

What cell used perforin to punch holes into virus infected cells and is part of the adaptive response?

A

T Cytotoxic cell

25
Q

What cell is important for suppressing the immune response and stopping overactivity of it?

A

Regulatory T-cell

26
Q

What is the difference between the Innate and adaptive responses ?

A

Innate is the natural and non specific defense that first response to any invader to the body.

The adaptive response is acquired over time and is continually changing, and is a specific coordinated response to invaders.

27
Q

If an antigen gets past the innate immune system what is the first response by the body to deal with this and the name for this ?

A

The antigen is engulfed either by the macrophages or the dendritic cells and part of the antigen proteins is incorporated onto the surface of these cells, thus it is presented to the adaptive immune system.

When a cell does this it forms a MHC class II.

The process is known as the major histocompatibility complex (MCH).

28
Q

As Both T and B cells have memory how does this improve the Adaptive immune response?

A

With repeated exposure this builds a greater antibody presence within fluids allowing for a faster response upon meeting the same antigen.

The T and B cells that encountered the antigen the first time retain the specific receptor for this antigen so can immediately form a secondary response upon dealing with this, and produce effector cells.

29
Q

What cell doesn’t kill pathogens directly and is also called a CD4+ cell ?

A

T Helper cell

30
Q

What are the two types of lymphocyte cells and the roles of each ?

A 
T Cells (T=Thymus)
Role is cell mediated response, i.e. primary anti-viral response.
B Cells (B = Bone marrow)
Humoral response i.e Fluid response and release of antibodies.
31
Q

What are the two types of CD markers that monocytes express, and what are the amounts expressed on a classical cell, intermediate cell and the non classical cell.

Also what is the function of these two monocytes ?

A

CD14 AND CD16

Classical cell has CD14++/CD16- and is an anti-viral monocyte.

Intermediate Cell has CD14+/CD16+ and it slightly inflammatory

Non-classical has CD14+/ CD16++ and is a highly -inflammatory cell.

Over time the cell with gain more CD16 and become more inflammatory.

32
Q

For Monocytes, what is their percentage of leucocytes do they make up, what is their function, and why are they essential ?

A

10-15% of all leukocytes

Function is phagocytosis and release of cytokines (messenger substances). Do this through finding the invader with PRR’s (Pattern recognition receptors).

Essential as they form the bridge between the innate immune system and the adaptive to inform the adaptive what it is they are dealing with so it can program the correct response.

33
Q

What are the two primary types of T-cells, what they bind to, their roles and identifying CD markers?

A

Helper T-cells.
Binds to MHC class II on the presenting cell
Controls and modulates the development of specific immune responses
Form memory cells to counteract antigen faster next time.
CD markers CD3+/CD4+

Cytotoxic T-cells
Bind to the MHC class I as a backup
Destroys infected cells via perforin release.
Form memory cells to counteract antigen faster next time.
CD3+/CD8+

All T-cells are CD3+. It is their identifying marker.

34
Q

For the purpose of this module what are the two types of innate immune cells, and what are there subdivisions ?

A

Granulocytes

  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil

Monocytes

  • Macrophage
  • Dendritic Cell
35
Q

How can you tell the difference between monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes under light microscope ?

A

Monocytes have a large irregularly shaped nucleus, however, there are no granules, causing it to stain pale.

Neutrophils have a lobulated nucleus and is granulated.

Lymphocytes are smaller and have a very regularly shaped nucleus which takes up the majority of the cell.

36
Q

What is the other type of lymphoid cell that is actually part of the innate immune system, its structure and how it works ?

A

The natural killer cell. Is a lymphoid but is non specific.

It is a large granular lymphocyte and works to destroy cell spontaneously.

Does this by binding to the surface of virally infected cell and releases perforin which pierces holes in cell, causing cell leakage AND activates apoptosis (programmed cell death)

37
Q

For the following are they characteristics of moncytes, neutrophils or both ?

Anti-Viral
Anti-Bacterial
Inflammatory response
Phagocytosis
Respiratory burst
Degranulation
Antigen presenting
A 
Anti-viral - Monocyte
Antibacterial - Neutrophil
Inflammatory Reponses - Both
Phagocytosis - Both
Respiratory burst - both
Degranulation - neutrophil
Antigen presenting - Monocyte
38
Q

With Th cells what is the further division in these, what do they release and what dies each type do?

A

Th cell can be broken down into Th1 (type 1) helper cells and th2 (type 2 ) helper cells which release different types of cytokines.

Th1 releases IFN-y, IL-2 and IL-12. These ones are predominantly anti-viral.

TH2 releases IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. These ones are important in B-cell stimulation (e.g. antibody prediction).

There are constantly changing in balance with Th1 being intracellular device short term and th2 being Extracellular long term defense.

39
Q

What is the structure of an immunoglobulin, the five class types and what are the different biding sites are, and how this effects the function.

A

Y shape with heavy chains on inside and light chains on outside

Five types are IG-A, IG-M, IG-G, IG-D and IG-E.

The antigen binding sites are at he top of the Y and are know as the fragment antibody binding (FAB). Antigen binds here and this determines what antibody it becomes.

At the bottom is the effector portion (fragment crystallization section/ FC ) which determines the outcome when an immune cell binds onto it.

40
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages ?

A

Monocyte in blood, Macrophage in tissue.

41
Q

Which cell has long branches and has a primary role of antigen presentation?

A

Dendritic Cell

42
Q

Which cell makes immunoglobulins ?

A

Plasma cell

43
Q

B-cells are mainly activated by which cell?

A

Th2 cells

44
Q

What is a virus ?

A

A virus is a microorganism organism that cannot express its genes without invading living host cell, using the nucleic material they contain to replicate themselves.

45
Q

Which cell can be identified using CD14 and CD16 ?

A

Monocyte

46
Q

Which of the following cells used phagocytosis to eat pathogens but does not present antigens ?#

Monocyte
Dendritic cell
Neutrophil
NK cell

A

Neutrophil

47
Q

What is the 4 step working process of Neutrophils ?

A

1 - (Chemotaxis) - Attracted to the site of infection by chemokines (chemical signal) released by the infected cell.

  • Neutrophil recognized cell due to it expressing pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
  • PAMPS are recognized by neutrophils Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) e.g. Toll light receptors.

2 - (Phagocytosis) - Neutrophil ingests infected or damaged tissue with the help of opsins which coat cell in attractive material. Granules from neutrophil dump contents into cell.

3 - (Degranulation) - Destroy invader by release of free radials though respiratory oxidative burst and cytotoxic enzymes (degranulation)

4 - Refractory period post simulation.

48
Q

What can cause the release of neutrophils from bone marrow are what could this indicate ?

A

Cortisol can cause the release from bone marrow.

Stress both mental and physical can cause this, but continual stress could deplete 3 day reserve.

49
Q

What do all Immune cells begin as, then how do they split into there two different types and the subcategories ?

A

Begin as a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Split into the common Myeloid progenitor cells (INNATE) which becomes myoblasts and subsequently neutrophils, monocytes, basophils.

OR becomes a Common lymphoid progenitor (ADAPTIVE) which becomes the NKC and lymphocytes.

Immunology 20 (12 decks)

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