Exercise & Infection Risk Flashcards
What were the findings of the Cohen 1991 study on psychological stress and cold symptoms ?
The greater the numbers of psychological stress this increases the numbers of people with cold symptoms ?
What did Nieman 1994 propose the the J shamed curve ?
Sedentary there is an average risk.
Moderate exercise the is a below average risk of URI
High volumes of exercise there is an above average risk or URI.
List the series of approaches that can be taken by athletes to reduce their chances of infection.
Reduce child mixing Avoid crowds Reducing stress Isolate ill team members Lots of sleep Wash wands Mange jet lag Avoid sharing utensils
What is meant by URI ?
Coughs, colds, sore throat’s, runny nose.
What did Nieman et al., 1990 find about impact of acute exercise effects and on training volume ?
In two groups of similarly trained athletes, those who competed in the marathon were 6x more lily for URI.
The greater the volume performed weekly the increased in Odds ratio of URI
What did Fahlman and Engels, 2005 find in URI over the season in American football players vs controls
During the most intense periods of the season, Autumn and spring, URI incidence in players was significantly elevated compared to controls (playing staff).
They found that the most infection occurred when immune defense were their lowest (s- IgA)
What is a major nutritional intake that has been associated with illness as reported by drew et al., 2018 ?
In female athletes almost there is a 4x increase in URI when low EA is present.
However, this is likely due to micronutrient deficiencies instead of total energy intake being low.
In successful athletes what was found by Raysmith & Drew about the percentage of planned training weeks that results in medal/ performance goals, and for every week of training missed how much does this chance reduce ?
80% of training weeks increased performance goals chances by 7x
For every week missed a 26% reduction in success occurs.
What did Timpka et al, 2017 find out illness reporting at the 2015 world champs for event and pre perceptions?
Endurance athletes were 5x more likely to report illness
Pre perception/ worrying about and illness increased likelihood of catching something 5x.
What was the impact of sleep volume and cold likelihood in the Prather 2015 study?
Those sleeping <5 and 5-6 hours per night had over 4x the chance of those getting seven hours.
What is a potential cause for infection symptoms in those who had reported illness weeks prior to the event ?
Re-activation of the latent virus that hasn’t been cleared properly.
Those who had no pre event symptoms were half as likely to shown symptoms.
What did Schwellnus et al., 2013 find about the greatest illness rates at the 2012 Olympic games ?
The locations of the body where these occur.
Significantly highest percentage was in the respiratory system and mastoid. Both parts of the upper respiratory tract.
S URI
How can method of greeting be adjusted to reduce the levels of bacterial contact ?
So the must hygienic method is a fist bump, as opposed to a shaking hands.
In mice, what is the %survival rate depend on if mice had performed no exercise, moderate exercise or exercise to fatigue. And who reported this ?
Mice who performed moderate exercise had a 90% survival
No exercise 80%
Fatiguing exercise 60%
Author was Davis et al., 1997.
What is the purpose of a delayed type hypersensitivity test , and how can this be adjusted in competing and non competing triathletes compared to non athletes as found by Brunnsgard et al., 1997?
Test Immune response via injection on antigens and waiting 24/48 hours
Bigger raise in bumps better response
Endurance trained triathletes who competed had a reduction compared to control triathletes who didn’t.
But both had reduced Inflammation (MM) compared to non athletes.
Quick way to determine if a immune response is an infection or an allergy?
Give the athlete anti histamines as this quickly stops the immune response from an allergy, but not an infection, However, cannot be given at events as they can make athlete’s dosey.
What did peter & Bateman 1983 find about the incidence of URI in marathon running ?
Runner were 2x more likely to have symptoms 2 weeks later vs controls.
AND Faster athletes had more infections.
Why should the J shaped curve be approached with caution ?
It is more likely to be s shaped because in the ultra elite they do not tend to see the levels of sickness and must be somewhat resistant to infection.
How can airway inflammation be the cause of a non infectious cough and lead to infection ?
A high total yearly volume is related to coughing symptoms, causing irritation off the bronchiole lining.
Constant coughing leads to shedding of the epithelial cells, increasing the immune response, increasing cough symptoms more.
This can affect sleep quality, increased stress levels, thus increased chance of infection occurring.
What is the effect of sustained periodic exercise training on leucocyte counts, function and antibody production?
Lower leukocyte counts and decreased function
Suppressed antibody production
What is the effect of acute exercise on immune cell (leucocyte) counts and function ?
Immune cell count is elevated but the function is suppressed.
What did Spence et al., 2008 find about the known causes of infection in athletes, and how was this supported by the work from Cox, 2008 after testing was done on these athletes ?
In elite athletes a much greater number of these have an unidentified cause.
Cox found that despite high number being diagnosed initially as infections, in reality after testing 39% of these immune system responses in athletes were due to allergy.
What did Bury et al., 1998 find in the incidence of URI between football players and staff ?
Significantly higher above 2x, incidence over the season in the players ?
What are the two main causes of increased infection and what can effect each of these ?
Increased exposure to pathogens.
- Lung ventilation - e.g. Respiratory pathogen
- Skin abrasion
- Travel - Jet lag, new environments
- Crowds
Immune suppression
- Physiological stress
- Psychological stress
- Environmental stress
- Poor diet
- Lack of sleep.
What is something to consider about the relationship between exercise volume and URTI incidence ?
It is not cause and effect. Yes, Increased volume correlated with both but not much evidence to show that it is directly the cause.
