Exercise & Mucosal Immunity Flashcards
What has been shown to reduce lysozyme and why is this relevant ?
Cortisol.
relevant because during periods pf physiologic and mental stress cortisol will increase , thus reducing lysozyme, reducing its functions.
What is the method for saliva collection ?
Rinse mouth with a little water 5-10 min before
collection, or just swallow any saliva present in the
oral cavity
Swab – place under tongue/inside cheek
Passive drool – sit slightly forward, head tilted
downwards.
What are the structures that protect mucosal surfaces?
B cells t cells, plasma cells macrophages payers patches lymphoid follicles nasal lymphoid tissue salivary glands
What was found by Letties 2000 trial investigating hydration and CHO status and sIGA.
How did this compare to the caffeine trial ?
She found that during endurance exercise where participants were controlled vs dehydrated vs given CHO there was no real differences in any of the overall secretion rate of IGA. it may be more concentration in dehydration but the rate is still the same.
With the caffeine trial both flow rates and concentration in saliva were higher, thus giving a higher overall IGA.
What is the best time of day to do a saliva screening and why?
Early in the morning after sleeping but before eating.
This is because you get a true resting level and removed the possibility of mouth debris, a saliva response to eating or drinking.
How many times more likely were marathon runners likely to present with URI post race compared to non racers ?
6x more likely.
What are the 5 types of IG, typical volumes and some points about each ?
IGG - 6-13mg - most abundant in blood and tissues.
IGA - 0.6-3.0mg - Major secretary antibody, found in saliva, tears.
IGM - 0.5-3mg - Natural antibody found in serum.
IGD - <0.12mg
IGE - <0.0000 - Binds to basophils and most cells for allergic reactions.
What is the cell that create IG ?
B cells that have differentiated into plasma cells.
What are the practice advantages of taking saliva vs blood for analysis ?
Non invasive Low risk to investigator/participant Quick to collect No specialist training (relatively) cheap to analyse Easy to collect in field settings
What are the names of the salivary glands and what is the main one of these ?
Parotid gland
parotid duct
submandibular gland (Main)
Sublingual gland
What are the potential mechanisms of changed sIGA ?
Decline in plgR mRNA expression
Increased cortisol following heavy exercise - this reduced plgR and B-cell activation, which would reduce plasma cell numbers.
How do IG cells attack foreign cells.
Either directly of indirectly
Directly through - Inhibiting nutrient uptake by bacteria or inhibiting viral entry into cells.
Indirectly though - binding and neutralizing bacterial toxins, facilitating recognition and killing by phagocytes, t-cells and NK cells.
What is a potential indicator of URI related to IGA levels in saliva ?
Found that high levels if IGA in saliva correlated with a lower incidence of URI. Moreover endurance exercise depresses this but the depression steeps lower in those who already have decreased levels.
What are the three other antimicrobial proteins in saliva, there sources and actions ?
Alpha-amylase- salivary glands - Key digestive enzyme & Inhibits bacterial growth and adhesion
lysozyme - macrophages in the oral mucosa - Destroys bacterial cell walls
lactoferrin - salivary glands - Reduces free iron
availability to prevent bacterial growth & Anti-viral
What effect has been found in swimmers, American football players and Yachtsmen in relation to sIGA and URI ?
The lower the sIGA the increased chance of developing a URI.
Moreover, when the was measured and compared to normal levels when a URI was present the sIGA level was much lower.
