Introduction to The Body Systems Flashcards
Name the 10 Body Systems
- cardiovascular
- respiratory
- gastrointestinal
- lymphatic
- integumentary
- musculoskeletal
- endocrine
- urinary
- nervous
- reproductive
How do we get nutrients into our blood?
- The Gastrointestinal (GI) system
- The GI tract runs from mouth to anus
- Large molecules are digested into smaller molecules which can then absorbed into the veins (and lymphatic vessels) of the small intestine
- The venous blood from the absorptive parts of the GI tract drains to the liver FIRST
- The liver stores some nutrients, makes other products from them, or returns them into the venous system
- It can also metabolise/detoxify potentially harmful substances absorbed from the GI tract
How do we deliver nutrients to the cells?
- The Cardiovascular (CV) system
- Consists of the heart and the blood vessels
- Veins are blood vessels that drain blood back towards the heart
- Absorbed nutrients FIRST pass in the veins of the GI tract TO the liver
- Venous blood FROM the liver containing these nutrients then drains back to the heart
- The heart is the pump of the cardiovascular system
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Describe the basic structure of The Heart
2 sides, a right and a left pump in synchrony with each other
The RIGHT side pumps VENOUS (deoxygenated) blood to the lungs
The LEFT side pumps ARTERIAL (oxygenated) blood to all the other tissues & organs
List the basic order of Circulation
The heart pumps oxygenated blood into arteries
Arteries supply blood to arterioles
Arterioles supply blood to capillaries
Capillaries drain the blood into venules
Venules drain the blood into veins
Veins drain blood back towards the heart
How do we get oxygen into the blood?
- The Respiratory system
- Normal Air contains ~ 20% oxygen
- Breathe air in via our nose or mouth
- Air travels through the “respiratory tree”:
- Surface of the very thin walled alveoli is covered with many thin walled capillaries
- This allows oxygen to be transferred by diffusion into the blood
- This, now oxygenated blood, is returned to the heart to be pumped to all the other cells of the body
How do we deliver oxygen to the cells?
- The Haematological system
- Haemoglobin (Hb) within RBCs reversibly binds oxygen in the lungs and carries it to all capillary beds where it is released to be delivered to the cells
How do we deliver oxygen to the cells?
- The Cardiovascular System
- At the capillary beds of all tissues and organs, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between blood and cells down concentration gradients
How do we produce lymph?
major vessel?
- Fluid “squeezed” out of capillaries by the blood pressure is mainly reabsorbed again before the blood reaches the venules
- Excess fluid left in the tissues, in the extracellular spaces, is called tissue fluid
- Once this fluid is taken up by lymphatic vessels it is called lymph
Thoracic duct:
major lymphatic vessel in the body
returns lymph to large veins in the root of the neck
How do we excrete C02 and lactic acid products?
- The Respiratory and Renal systems
C02 and water are produced as by-products of ATP formation - Carbon dioxide and water can combine to form carbonic acid
- Lactic acid can be produced by muscles during heavy exercise
- The pH of the body must remain within certain limits
How do we excrete waste products?
The Gastrointestinal, Renal and Lymphatic systems
GI tract passing faeces:
* “cellular debris” shed from the internal lining of the GI tract
* indigestible foodstuffs
* GI tract bacteria, commensals and pathogens
* Drugs deactivated by metabolism in liver
foreign bodies e.g. inhaled atmospheric carbon particles/microorganisms/cancer cells, can drain via lymphatics to lymph nodes (immune function)
How does the body have External Protection?
The Integumentary system
Our skin (integument) is the body’s first line of defence against the external environment
It provides our body with:
* a physical defence against trauma
* a waterproof barrier
* helps to regulate body temperature
Which body system Allows us to sense our environment + effect an appropriate response?
The Nervous system
CNS- Central Nervous System (brain and the spinal cord)
PNS- Peripheral Nervous System (other parts of nerve structures in the body)
What body system is essential to the Survival of the species?
The Reproductive system
Basic description of The functions of Musculoskeletal system
- Closely linked to our nervous system
- breathing
- provides locomotion (skeletal muscle contraction moves the skeleton at joints )
