Introduction to MSK/ Movement Flashcards
Name the 2 Joints of the Skull
Name the 8 Joints of the trunk
Name the 9 joints of the trunk
Name the 7 joints of the upper limbs
Name the 12 joints of the lower limbs/ pelvis
What are the 3 classifications of Joints?
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
What is the Joint relationship between mobility and stability
Increased mobility = decrease stability
Features of a fibrous joint
- Generally limited mobility
- quite stable
- 3 types: Syndesmoses, Sutures, Fontanelles
What is a Syndesmoses?
Fibrous Joints
unites bones with a fibrous sheet
What is a Suture?
Fibrous Joints
between bones of skull
What is a Fontanelles?
Fibrous Joints
- wide sutures in neonatal skull
- allow the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to ‘slide’ over each other
- make’s the baby’s head smaller for passage through the birth canal moulding
Features of Cartilaginous Joints
- Fairly limited mobility
- relatively stable
- 2 types: primary, secondary
2 features of Primary Cartilaginous Joints
- Synchondroses
- Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
5 features of Secondary Cartilaginous Joints
- symphyses
- strong
- slightly movable
- fibrocartilage
- e.g. intervertebral discs
How does the Vertebre move?
each disc allows small amounts of movement in all directions
- added together to produce considerable movement
Name 7 features of Synovial Joints:
- 2 or more bones articulating with each other
- articular surfaces are covered in hyaline ‘articular’ cartilage
- a capsule wraps around the joint
- contains a joint cavity contains synovial fluid (cushions, nourishes and lubricates)
- supported by ligaments
- associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
- associated with bursae -(prevent friction around joint) (extensions of joint cavity or closed sacs separate from the joint cavity)
Name the 5 subtypes of Synovial Joints
- Pivot
- Ball & Socket
- Plane
- Hinge
- Biaxial
Describe a Pivot joint
- > 45 degrees of rotation (shaking head)
Describe a Ball & Socket joint
good ranges of multi-axial movement (e.g. circumduction)
Describe a Plane joint
minimal movement in one plane
Describe a hinge joint
reasonable range of movement in one plane
Describe a biaxial joint
reasonable range of movement in one plane and less in another
name 4 General features of joints
excellent:
- sensory nerve supply
- blood supply -(periarticular arterial anastomoses are common)
- Arteries supplying joints can be damaged by dislocations
- Shape of articular surface determines possible movement
Describe ligament Injury, Subluxation, Dislocation:
- Ligament injury/slipped disc but articular surfaces still in normal anatomical relationship to each other
- Subluxation - reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
- Dislocation - complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
Where is skeletal muscle found?
- deep to deep fascia
- Covered in tough fibrous connective tissue
How is skeletal muscle named?
5 conditions
- shape – Latin/Greek name
- location – body region
- size – relative size e.g. major / minor
- main bony attachment
- main action/movement
How is skeletal muscle attatch and contract?
- usually at least 2 points of attachment to bone:
- origin’ (usually most proximal part)
- ‘insertion’ on the other side
- Function of skeletal muscle is to move attachments closer together during contraction
- During contraction, muscle fibres shorten along the long axis between the attachments
What is a tendon?
- Attach muscle (usually) to bone
- found at either end of muscle
- non-contractile
What is an Aponeurosis?
- Flattened tendon
- Most commonly associated with flat muscles
- Attach muscle to soft tissue
How can skeletal muscle be clinically examined?
- Testing ability to move and power of movement
- Testing muscle itself and the nerve(s) supplying it
- Can be carried out by asking patient to make movements
- Or by testing reflexes
What are muscle reflexes?
- Protective & Automatic
- Stretch reflex or Flexion withdrawal reflex
What is a Deep tendon reflex?
- Biceps, triceps, knee and ankle jerk reflexes
- Tendon hammer applies brief stretch to muscle via its tendon → stretch reflex (if normal)
- Normal reflex response is to contract
- Contraction results in brief twitch of muscle belly or a movement in the normal direction
- reflexes are protective against overstretching
Describe the reflex arc of stretch reflex
- Sensory nerve (muscle) detects stretch and tells spinal cord
- Motor nerve from spinal cord passes message to contract
- Neuromuscular junction - synapse where motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle
A normal stretch reflex indicates that what are functioning normally?
the muscle
its sensory nerve fibres
its motor nerve fibres
the spinal cord connections between the two
the neuromuscular junction
“descending controls” from the brain
Definition of Paralysis
- a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
- can’t contract
- muscle would have reduced tone on examination
Definition of Spasticity
-muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working
-on examination muscle has increased tone.
Defintion of Muscle Atrophy
- ‘wasting’ of the muscles
- develops through inactivity
- muscle cells (myocytes) become smaller
Definition of Hypertrophy
- opposite to atrophy
- skeletal muscles enlarge
- each individual myocyte enlarges
