Introduction to Orthopedic Diagnosis Flashcards
What is anatomical position?
1.) Erect standing position2.) Feet slightly separated3.) Arms hanging by the side4.) Elbows straight5.) Palms of the hand facing forward
What direction is superior or cranial?
Closer to the head
What direction is inferior or caudal?
Closer to the feet
What direction is anterior or ventral?
Toward the front of the body
What direction is posterior of dorsal?
Toward the back of the body
What direction is medial?
Toward the midline of the body
What direction is lateral?
Away from the midline of the body
What are the 3 planes of the body?
1.) Sagittal plane2.) Frontal plane3.) Transverse plane
What are the a.k.a.’s of the sagittal plane?
1.) Anterior-posterior plane2.) Median plane
What are the a.k.a.’s of the frontal plane?
1.) Lateral plane2.) Coronal plane
What is the a.k.a. of the transverse plane?
Horizontal plane
How does the sagittal plane divide the body?
Divides the body vertically into left and right halves of equal size
How does the frontal plane divide the body?
Divides the body equally into front and back halves
How does the transverse plane divide the body?
Divides the body equally into top and bottom halves
What are the 3 axes of human motion?
1.) Frontal2.) Sagittal3.) Longitudinal
The axis around which the movement takes place is always _____ to the plane in which is occurs.
Perpendicular
What is the a.k.a. of the frontal axis?
Transverse axis
What is the a.k.a. of the longitudinal axis?
Vertical axis
The frontal axis is perpendicular to what plane?
Sagittal plane
The sagittal axis is perpendicular to what plane?
Frontal plane
The longitudinal axis is perpendicular to what plane?
Transverse plane
What movements occur in the sagittal plane around a frontal-horizontal axis?
1.) Flexion2.) Extension3.) Hyperextension4.) Dorsiflexion5.) Plantar flexion
What movements occur in the frontal plane around a sagittal-horizontal axis?
1.) Abduction2.) Adduction3.) Side flexion of the trunk4.) Shoulder elevation5.) Shoulder depression6.) Radial deviation of the wrist7.) Ulnar deviation of the wrist8.) Eversion of the foot9.) Inversion of the foot
What movement occur in the transverse plane around the longitudinal axis?
1.) Rotation of head, neck & trunk2.) Internal rotation of arm or leg3.) External rotation of arm or leg4.) Horizontal adduction of arm or thigh5.) Horizontal abduction of arm or thigh6.) Pronation of the forearm7.) Supination of the forearm
What combination of movements does circumduction as a whole incorporate?
1.) Flexion2.) Extension3.) Abduction4.) Adduction
What does circumduction involve?
An orderly sequence of circular movements that occur in the sagittal, frontal and oblique planes
What is kinematics?
The study of motion
What are the 2 types of motion involved in kinematics?
1.) Osteokinematic motion2.) Arthrokinematic motion
What is osteokinematic motion?
Occurs when any object forms the radius of an imaginary circle about a fixed point
How is the axis of rotation or osteokinematic motion oriented?
Perpendicular to the plane in which the rotation occurs
What are some examples of osteokinematic motion?
1.) Abduction/adduction of the arm2.) Flexion of the hip or knee3.) Side flexion of the trunk
What is arthrokinematic motion?
The motions occurring at joint surfaces
What determines the direction of movement in arthrokinematic motion?
Direction of movement is based on the shape of the joint surfaces
What is the shape of joint surfaces?
1.) Concave2.) Convex3.) Sellar (Concave and convex)
What is the shape of joint surfaces?
1.) Concave2.) Convex3.) Sellar (Concave and convex)
What are 3 types of movement that occur at the articulating surfaces?
1.) Roll2.) Slide3.) Spin
How is osteokinematic motion and arthrokinematic motion related to each other?
1.) They are directly proportional to each other2.) One cannot occur completely without the other3.) If motion is reduced, one or both of the motions are at fault
What are degrees of freedom (DOF)?
The number of independent modes of motion st a joint
What is the close-packed position of a joint?
1.) The position of maximum congruity of the opposing joint surface2.) Position of maximum joint stability
Movements toward the close-packed position of a joint involve what element?
Joint compression (approximation)
What does further movement of a joint in the direction of the close-packed position where by the capsule and ligaments are taut, results in?
Fracture or dislocation
What is the open-packed position of a joint?
1.) The position of least joint congruity2.) Position of least joint stability
Movements toward the open-packed position of a joint involve what element?
Joint distraction (separation)
What does further movement of a joint in the direction of open-packed position where by the capsule and ligaments are not taut, results in?
Sprain or strain
What is a hypomobile joint?
If a joint moves less than what is considered normal, or when compared to the same joint on the opposite extremity
What is a hypermobile joint?
A joint that moves more than considered normal, or when compared to the same joint on the opposite extremity
What does instability of a joint involve?
Disruption of the osseous and ligamentous structures of that joint, resulting in a loss of function
What are the factors of joint integrity?
1.) Elastic energy2.) Passive stiffness3.) Muscle activation
How does elastic energy affect joint integrity?
Stored NRG allows elastic tissue to return to original
When is passive stiffness found?
Found at the end of range of motion
What happens with incorrect synergistic and antagonistic balance, both in timing and strength of muscle activation?
Buckling or shear translation
What is a loss of passive stiffness called?
Laxity
What are some examples of external forces?
1.) Ground reaction force2.) Friction3.) Gravity
What are some examples of internal forces?
1.) Muscle contraction2.) Joint contact3.) Joint shear forces
If musculoskeletal health is to be maintained, what must tissues be able to demonstrate the ability to withstand?
Excessive or repetitive stress
The capacity of tissue to withstand stress is dependent on what factors?
1.) Age2.) The proteoglycan & collagen content of the tissue3.) The ability of the tissue to undergo adaptive change4.) The speed at which the adaptive change must occur - depends on the type and sevarity of insult to tissue
