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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 - Part 2 > Introduction to Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of a neuron

A

Cell Body (also called a SOMA)
Neurites - axons/dendrites

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2
Q

Describe an axon

A

Single
Usually covered with Myelin or Schwann sheath

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3
Q

Describe a dendrite

A

Multiple
Thin, short extensions

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4
Q

Are there more neurons or glial cells ?

A

Glial cells

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5
Q

What is a major advantage of glial cells vs neurons ?

A

Glial cells can regenerate whilst neurons cannot.

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6
Q

Name the 2 glial cells involved in the PNS

A

Satellite cells
Schwann cells

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7
Q

Name the 4 glial cells involved in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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8
Q

Function of Satellite cells

A

Support the cell body (SOMA)

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9
Q

Function of Schwann cells

A

Myelin production in the PNS

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10
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin production in the CNS

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11
Q

Function of Astrocytes

A

+BBB

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12
Q

Function of Microglia

A

Scavengers

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13
Q

Function of Ependymal cells

A

CSF production

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14
Q

What is myelin ?

A

Insulation material
Rich in lipid and proteins

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15
Q

Function of myelin sheath

A

Makes conduction faster, requiring less energy

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16
Q

What types of neuroglia produce myelin ?

A

Schwann cells - PNS
Oligodendrocytes - CNS

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17
Q

Explain how Schwann cells surround the axon

A

The Schwann cells have a nucleus and cytoplasm.
They surround the axon by wrapping around them (Engulfing the axon)
The Schwann cells produce the myelin sheath.

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18
Q

Difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A

Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for a number of axons, whereas Schwann is for one axon.

Oligodendrocytes are progenitor derived.
Schwann cells are neural crest derived.

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19
Q

How do neurons communicate ?

A

Via synapses
Communication is established by various neurotransmitters.

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20
Q

Where are neurotransmitters found ?

A

In vesicles in the synapse of an axon

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21
Q

What is a ganglion ?

A

A structure containing nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.

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22
Q

What is the gap between 2 neurones called ?

A

Synaptic cleft

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23
Q

What do the neurotransmitters bind to ?

A

The receptors on the next neurone.

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24
Q

What is a nucleus in nervous system ?

A

A structure containing nerve cell bodies inside the CNS.

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25
Q

What are the 2 major components on the nervous system ?

A

Gray matter
White matter

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26
Q

What is gray matter ?

A

Predominantly cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia and unmyelinated neurites

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27
Q

Where is gray matter found ?

A

On the surface of the cerebral hemispheres as well as the depths of the cerebrum.

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28
Q

In the brain where is the gray and white matter ?

A

Gray - outside
White - inside

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29
Q

In the spinal cord where is the gray and white matter ?

A

Gray - inside
White - outside

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30
Q

What is white matter ?

A

Axons - usually myelinated

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31
Q

Up/Down - blue

A

Projection fibres

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32
Q

Front/Back - green

A

Association fibres

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33
Q

Left/Right - red

A

Commissural fibres

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34
Q

What does the CNS contain ?

A

Enecephalon (BRAIN) and spinal cord
Covered in meninges
Suspended in Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

35
Q

What does the PNS contain ?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia

36
Q

What forms the CNS ?

A

Spinal cord
Brain stem - medulla, pons, midbrain
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

37
Q

What is found in the brain stem ?

A

The nuclei of all but the first 2 of the 12 cranial nerves.

38
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cerebrum ?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

39
Q

What forms the encephalon ?

A

Brain stem - medulla, pons, midbrain
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

40
Q

What are infoldings of the cerebral hemispheres (convolutions) called ?

A

Gyri

41
Q

How are Gyri separated ?

A

By Sulci

42
Q

How are the 2 hemispheres separated ?

A

By the medial longitudinal fissure

43
Q

What does each hemisphere contain ?

A

Cerebral cortex
Cerebral white matter
Nuclei (collection of cell bodies embedded in white matter)

44
Q

Name the 6 cerebral lobes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Limbic - border/frame, borders the diencephalon
INSULA

45
Q

What imaging techniques help us understand functions of different regions of the nervous system ?

A

PET, fMRI - (used in living people)

46
Q

What is a way of determining the function of a lobe ?

A

Studying the relationship between lesion and outcome

Animal studies

47
Q

Function of the frontal lobe

A

Motor
Voluntary muscle movement
Controlled and regulated

48
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe

A

Sensations

49
Q

Function of the occipital lobe

A

Visual associations

50
Q

Function of the temporal lobe

A

Auditory - Hearing
Language

51
Q

Function of left hemisphere

A

Dominant - Specialised for language and maths skills

Broca’s area and Wernickes area

52
Q

Function of the right hemisphere

A

Visual-spatial skills
Creativity

53
Q

Function of cerebrum

A

Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor impulses to, the opposite side of the body.

54
Q

Parts of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

55
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

Major relay station for - sensastions (apart from smell)

56
Q

Function of the hypothalamus (6)

A

Autonomic control
Endocrine control
Eating
Sexual behaviour
Body temperature
Regulation of thirst

57
Q

What is found in the midbrain ?

A

Nuclei of cranial nerves
Basal nuclei
Visual and Auditory reflex centres

58
Q

What is found in the pons ?

A

Nuclei of cranial nerves
Connections between forebrain and cerebellum
Nuclei involved in regulation of respiration

59
Q

Function of the medulla

A

Vital centres - regulating respiratory rhythm, heart rate and blood pressure

Non-vital centres - regulating coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting

60
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little brain

61
Q

Structure of the cerebellum

A

2 hemispheres in cerebellar fossa

Convoluted with :

Internal gray matter nuclei
Surrounded by white matter
Outer cortex of gray matter

62
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Processes and interprets impulses form motor cortex and sensory pathways and coordinates motor activity for smooth, well timed movements

Coordinates motor activity
Important for balance

63
Q

Function of the spinal cord

A

A 2 way impulse conduction pathway and reflex centre

64
Q

Name the 3 meninges - outer to inner

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

65
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost

66
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Adhered closely to dura
Web like in appearance

67
Q

Pia mater

A

Deepest layer
In direct contact with the CNS tissue
Enters every sulci
Highly vascular

68
Q

What is epidural space ?

A

Between dura and bone

69
Q

What is subdural space ?

A

Potential space between Dura and Arachnoid

70
Q

What is subarachnoid space ?

A

Between Arachnoid and Pia

  • contains cerebrospinal fluid
71
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles found ?

A

In cerebral hemispheres

72
Q

Where are the 3rd ventricles found ?

A

Between left and right diencephalon

73
Q

Where are the 4th ventricles found ?

A

Between cerebellum and pons/medulla

74
Q

Where are the central ventricles found ?

A

Spinal cord

75
Q

What produces cerebrospinal fluid ?

A

The Choroid plexus

76
Q

Describe the cerebrospinal fluid ?

A

Clear, cell-free fluid
Fills the cerebral ventricles
Passes from cerebral ventricles to the subarachnoid space

77
Q

What absorbs cerebrospinal fluid ?

A

Absorbed by arachnoid granulations into dural venous sinuses.

78
Q

Divisions of the motor nervous system ?

A

Somatic
Autonomic - sympathetic, parasympathetic

79
Q

Divisions of the sensory nervous system ?

A

Somatic - sensations you are aware of
Visceral - organs
Special - vision, hearing, taste, smell

80
Q

Function of the sensory division

A

Conveys information from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs to the CNS

81
Q

Function of the motor division

A

Transmits signals from the CNS to the effector cells - (Skeletal and Smooth muscles, organs and glands)

82
Q

What is another name for the sensory division ?

A

Afferent

83
Q

What is another name for the motor division ?

A

Efferent

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 - Part 2 (37 decks)

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