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1.1 Getting started > Introduction to histology > Flashcards

Introduction to histology Flashcards

1
Q

Why is histology important?

A
  • Provides structural basis for gross anatomy (and many of the life sciences)
  • Is essential for understanding function and pathological change
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2
Q

What are the 4 categories of tissues recognised in histology?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscular tissue
  • Nervous tissue
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3
Q

What are the main specialised functions epithelial tissue perform?

A
  • Barrier internal/external environment
  • Mechanical protection
  • Absorption/secretion
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4
Q

What can epithelial tissue be subdivided into?

A
  • Surface epithelium
  • Glandular epithelium
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5
Q

How can the specialised functions in epithelium be mediated?

A
  • Structural modifications
  • Internal modifications
  • Special types of junctional complexes between cells
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6
Q

What is the function of occluding (tight) junctions?

A

prevent diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells - form a variously permeable permeable barrier

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7
Q

What is the function of anchoring (adhering) junctions?

A

link cells together and provide mechanical strength

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8
Q

What is the function of communicating (gap) junctions?

A

allow movement of molecules between cells

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9
Q

What are three criteria to classify surface epithelia?

A
  • number of cell layers (simple or stratified)
  • Shape of surface cells (squamous, cuboidal or columnar)
  • Surface specialisations (keratin, cilia, microvili)
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10
Q

What do epithelial cells rest?

A

all epithelial cells rest on the basement membrane

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11
Q

What are the three types of simple epithelium?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • simple columnar epithelium
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12
Q

Where is squamous epithelium suited?

A

functionally suited to surfaces where mechanical protection is not required e.g. lining of blood vessels - low resistance to flow

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13
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium suited?

A

functionally suited to surfaces with an absorptive/secretory role e.g secretory cells of exocrine glands

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14
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium suited?

A

functionally suited to surfaces with an absorptive role e.g small intestine - large surface area - microvili

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15
Q

What are the 3(4?) types of stratified epithelium?

A
  • Stratified squamous
  • Keratinised stratified squamous
  • Stratified cuboidal/stratified columnal
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16
Q

Where is stratified squamous/keratinised stratified squamous epithelium suited?

A

Functionally suited to surfaces where there is varying amount of mechanical protection required e.g oesophagus, foot pad

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17
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelium suited?

A

Functionally usually associated with ducts (of glandular epithelium)

18
Q

What are some examples of special types of surface epithelium?

A
  • transitional epithelium or urothelium
    pseudostratified - (ciliated) columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)
19
Q

Where are transitional epithelium or urothelium suited?

A

Functionally suited to surfaces which are required to stretch e.g urinary bladder

20
Q

Where are pseudostratified - (cilliated) columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

A

Functionally suited to surfaces involved in cleansing cells (cilia) and moistening e.g goblet cells e.g respiratory system

21
Q

What are two types of glandular epithelial tissue?

A
  • Goblet cells ( single cells that retain connection with surface epithelial cells)
  • Secretory cells embedded in the underlying connective tissue
22
Q

How to describe glandular epithelium with a duct to the surface?

A

exocrine gland

23
Q

How to describe glandular epithelium without a duct?

A

endocrine

24
Q

How to describe endocrine glands?

A

ductless, localised and have highly specialised functions

25
Q

how to describe exocrine glands?

A

with ducts and are widely distributed throughout the body systems and produce mucous and serous secretions

26
Q

What is the staining affinity of serous secretory units?

A

dark stain

27
Q

What is the staining affinity of mucous secretory units?

A

pale stain

28
Q

What are the 3 types of adult connective tissue?

A

loose, dense regular and dense irregular

29
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of loose connective tissue?

A

More cells than fibres

30
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of dense regular connective tissue?

A

more fibres than cells and the fibres are in alignment e.g tendon

31
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

more fibres than cells and fibres are arranged in multiple directions

32
Q

What are the main cell types of adipose tissue?

A

adipocytes

33
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A
  • energy store (white fat)
  • heat production (brown fat)
  • protection
34
Q

Where is muscle found in the body?

A
  • walls of all hollow organs
  • muscles associated with the skeleton
  • heart
35
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibres?

A
36
Q

What are some key features seen in a transverse section of skeletal muscle?

A
  • multiple, peripheral nuclei
  • cytoplasm packed full of mycrofibrils
37
Q

What are some key features seen on a longitudinal section of skeletal muscle?

A
  • peripheral nuclei
  • striated
  • long unbranched fibres
  • limited amount of CT between fibres
38
Q

What are some key features seen on a transverse section of cardiac muscle?

A
  • single central nucleus present in sectioned fibres
  • cross sections of fairly uniform size
  • lots of CT between fibres
39
Q

What are some key features seen on a longitudinal section of cardiac muscle?

A
  • central nucleus
  • striated
  • short branched fibres
  • abundant CT between fibres
  • Intercalated discs can be visualised
40
Q

What are some key features seen on a transverse section of smooth muscle?

A
  • cross sections variable diameter
  • only few with central nucleus
41
Q

What are some key features seen on a longitudinal section of smooth muscle?

A
  • central nucleus
  • non-striated
  • short tapering fibres
  • limited CT between fibres
42
Q
A

1.1 Getting started (31 decks)

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