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Disease and Defense > Introduction to Dermatology and Epidermis > Flashcards

Introduction to Dermatology and Epidermis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What are the seven functions of the skin?

A
  1. Beauty
  2. Barrier
  3. Vitamin D Synthesis
  4. Water Homeostasis
  5. Thermoregulation
  6. Insulation/ Calorie Reservoir
  7. Touch/ Sensation
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3
Q

What type of skin always burns, but never tans?

A

Type I Fitzpatrick

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4
Q

What type of skin easily burns and tans minimally?

A

Type II Fitzpatrick

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5
Q

What type of skin initially burns and gradually tans?

A

Type III Fitzpatrick

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6
Q

What type of skin minimally burns and tans well?

A

Type IV Fitzpatrick

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7
Q

What type of skin rarely burns and tans dark?

A

Type V Fitzpatrick

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8
Q

What type of skin never burns and is always tan?

A

Type VI Fitzpatrick

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9
Q

What type of cells make up the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous cells.

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10
Q

What two layers make up the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

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11
Q

Name five adnexal structures?

A
  1. Apocrine glands
  2. Eccrine glands
  3. Hair
  4. Nails
  5. Sebaceous glands
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12
Q

What cells make up subcutaneous fat?

A

Adipocytes

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13
Q

What are two locations in which you can find thick skin?

A

Palms and the soles of feet

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14
Q

What converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)?

A

UVB in the skin

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15
Q

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) and Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) are absorbed by what organ?

A

Intestine

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16
Q

Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 are converted to calcidiol (25-hydroxy Vitamin D) by what organ?

A

Liver

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17
Q

What is the active form of calcidiol? And what organ makes it active?

A

1,25-dihydroxy-Vitamin D is the active form and it is activated by the kidney

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18
Q

What are three cell types found in the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes (barrier layer)
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans Cells
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19
Q

Keratinocytes produce keratin. What is keratin?

A

Keratin is the intracellular fibrous protein of the skin.

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20
Q

Melanocytes are pigment producing cells. What is their embryologic derivative?

A

Neural crest cells

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21
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

Basal layer

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22
Q

Tyrosine gives rise to what color pigment?

A

Melanin

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23
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Granules of melanin

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24
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

Protection of DNA from UV light

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25
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

A type of dendritic cell in the epidermis derived from bone marrow stem cells

26
Q

True or False: Skin color variation is due to the number of melanocytes in the skin.

A

False.

27
Q

What two factors determine skin color variation?

A
  1. Due to the type of melanin produced

2. Due to the distribution of melanosomes

28
Q

There are two types of melanin. What are they and what color?

A
  1. Eumelanin: black to brown pigment

2. Pheomelanin: Yellow to red brown pigment

29
Q

Distribution of melanosomes lead to either light or dark skin. Describe the distributions that contribute to light and dark skin.

A

Light skin: melanosomes distributed in clusters above the nucleus
Dark skin: melanosomes distributed individually throughout the cytoplasm

30
Q

What cells compose the stratum basalis?

A

Keratinocytes (stem cells)

31
Q

Name three types of cellular attachments found in the stratum basalis.

A
  1. Hemidesmosomes
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Tonofilaments
32
Q

What type of cellular attachment protein in the stratum basalis attaches the keratinocytes to each other?

A

Desmosomes

33
Q

What type of cellular attachment protein in the stratum basalis attaches the basal cells firmly to the basal lamina of the dermal epidermal junction?

A

Hemidesmosomes

34
Q

What type of cellular attachment protein in the stratum basalis inserts into the dense plaques of desmosomes on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane?

A

Tonofilamets

35
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of the stratum spinosum?

A

Prickly due to the desmosome attachment between cells.

36
Q

In what layer does the synthesis of involucrin and membrane coating granules begin to develope?

A

Stratum spinosum

37
Q

Keratohyalin granules are found in what layer?

A

Stratum granulosum

38
Q

Keratohyalin gransules contain profilaggrin (filaggrin precursor). What is the function of filaggrin?

A

Filaggrin cross-links keratin tonofilaments and is important in the barrier funtion of the skin.

39
Q

Ichthyosis and atopic dermatitis are cause by what mutated protein?

A

Filaggrin

40
Q

Stratum lucidum is found in what type of skin?

A

Thick

41
Q

True or False: Cells in the stratum lucidum do not have nuclei and organelles.

A

True

42
Q

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

43
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are found in what layer of the dermis?

A

Papillary Layer

44
Q

What is the function of Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Senses fine touch

45
Q

The reticular layer contains extensive collagen and elastic fibers. What corpuscles can be found in this layer?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

46
Q

What is the function of Pacinian corpuscles?

A

Sense vibration, pressure, and touch

47
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles consist of what types of cells?

A

Schwann cells and sensory nerve terminals wrapped by fibroblast and collagen

48
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are found in what type of skin?

A

Thick

49
Q

Pacinian corpuscles are found in what type of skin?

A

Both thick and thin

50
Q

What type of sweat glands are located in the axillary, pubic and perianal regions?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

51
Q

When do apocrine sweat glands begin functioning?

A

Puberty

52
Q

What leads fluids, produced by apocrine glands, to create odor?

A

Bacterial interaction with the secretions

53
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are distributed over most of the body except:

A

Lips, under nails, glans penis, glans clitoris, and labia minora

54
Q

What is the role of eccrine sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation

55
Q

What type of gland produces watery, enzyme-rich, isotonic secretions?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

56
Q

Hair consists of what two structures?

A

Central medulla of soft keratin and a cortex and cuticle of hard keratin

57
Q

How long is the growth period of hair?

A

2-3 Years

58
Q

What muscle, when contracting, allows the hair to stand on end?

A

Arrector pili (smooth muscle)

59
Q

Sebaceous glands produce what type of oil substance?

A

Sebum (mixture of lipids)

60
Q

Development of sebaceous glands is accelerated by what event?

A

Puberty

Disease and Defense (14 decks)

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