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Disease and Defense > Common Viral Pathogens > Flashcards

Common Viral Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

How many herpes viruses infect humans?

A

8

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2
Q

What type of genome does that the herpes virus have?

A

Double-stranded DNA

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3
Q

Does herpes cause a latent or lytic infection?

A

Latent

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4
Q

What herpes viruses establish latency in sensory ganglia?

A

HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV

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5
Q

What herpes viruses establish latency in monocytes and lymphocytes?

A

CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7

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6
Q

What herpes viruses establish latency in B cells?

A

EBV and KSHV

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7
Q

How does herpes enter the host cell?

A

Fusion of memebranes

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8
Q

What are immediate early (IE) genes?

A

Genes expressed prior to protein synthesis. Usually encode transcriptional activators.

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9
Q

What do E genes encode?

A

Proteins involved in DNA replication.

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10
Q

What do L genes encode?

A

Structural proteins

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11
Q

Herpes viruses are enveloped, for what membrane do they obtain their envelope.

A

Nucleus. It is also highly glycoprotein-rich.

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12
Q

Which herpes virus cause orofacial and ocular lesions?

A

HSV-1

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13
Q

What herpes virus causes most cases of genital lesions?

A

HSV-2, but 30% cause by HSV-1

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14
Q

How is HSV transmitted?

A

Direct contact

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15
Q

Define primary infection.

A

First infection. No serum antibodies. Most asymptomatic. If symptomatic usually more severe.

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16
Q

Define latency infection

A

Period of time where the virus is dormant or silent in the body

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17
Q

Which ganglion does orofacial herpes infect?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

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18
Q

What ganglion does genital herpes infect?

A

Sacral Ganglion

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19
Q

Define reactivation phase.

A

Emergence from latency. Most commonly asymptomatic. This is how someone can transmit the virus unknowingly

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20
Q

HSV-1 usually occurs during what time period?

A

Childhood

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of gingivostomatitis?

A

Ulcerations of the gums, lips and tongue. Swelling of the lips and drooling. Cervical node swelling.

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22
Q

What is the target structure of herpetic whitlow and what are the symptoms?

A

It is the inoculation of HSV from oral secretions onto the fingers through small cuts. Symptoms: erythema, sweeling and pustules.

23
Q

What are the symptoms of gential herpes?

A

Mostly asymptomatic, but can cause painful vesicles and ulcers on genitals and perianal region and can last 10-14 days.

24
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in the US?

A

Herpes keratitis- caused by HSV in the cornea cause by HSV-1 (most commonly) and HSV-2.

25
Q

What are some symptoms of encephalitis?

A

hemorrhagic, necrotizing encephalitis, and predilection for the temporal lobes of the brain. HSV-1 most common cause but HSV-2 more common in neonatal cases.

26
Q

What is the most common cause of neonatal herpes?

A

HSV-2.

27
Q

What are the three forms of neonatal herpes?

A
  1. Skin, eye, and mocous membrane
  2. CNS
  3. disseminating (most severe)
28
Q

How bad is neonatal herpes?

A

Really fucking bad treat until proven otherwise.

29
Q

What is the current treatment for herpes?

A

Nucleoside analog drugs (most commonly acyclovir)

30
Q

HSV prophylaxis is used for what patient population?

A

Patients with frequent painful oral or genital outbreaks, patients that do not have a stable sexual partner, and patients with partners that do not have herpes.

31
Q

What two clinical syndromes are caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV)?

A

Chickenpox (primary infection) and shingles (reactivation)

32
Q

What is the incubation period for chickenpox?

A

10-21 days after exposure

33
Q

What are the symptoms of chicken pox?

A

Fever, malaise, headache, and a cough (occasionally). Initial lesions might be flat and erythmatous and then develop into a dew drop shape. Then pustules, pop, and scab.

34
Q

What are some complications of chickenpox in pregnant women?

A

Death, but before that varicella pneumonia.

35
Q

Name six serious complications of chicken pox.

A
  1. Secondary infection (group A strep) or Cellulitis
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Necrotizing fascitits
  4. Encephalitis or Encephalomyelitis
  5. Hepatits
  6. Congenital varicella syndrome
36
Q

What is used to treat high risk patients for varicella?

A

Intravenous acyclovir

37
Q

Is the chickenpox vaccine a live attenuated vaccine?

A

Yes and you have to have 2-doses: one at 12-15 months and the booster at 4-6 Years

38
Q

In what ganglia does VZV remain latent?

A

Cerebral or dorsal root ganglia.

39
Q

VZV reactivation results in what disease?

A

Shingles in the distribution of the dermatome WILL NOT CROSS MIDLINE OF BODY!!!

40
Q

What is the only Herpesvirus that does not exhibit asymptomatic viral shedding in normal hosts that experience reactivation.

A

VZV, it’s a SCREAMER

41
Q

What is the treatment of shingles?

A

Within 48-72 Hours- Acyclovir

Pain control

42
Q

What is the name of the shingles vaccine?

A

Zostavax

43
Q

How is cytomegalovirus transmitted?

A

Contact with infected body fluids

44
Q

What is the incubation period for CMV?

A

2 Weeks to 2 Months

45
Q

Where does CMV go?

A

Everywhere

46
Q

What are the two forms of primary infection of CMV?

A
  1. Mild febrile illness

2. Mononucleosis-like illness (fever, swollen nodes and mild hepatitis)

47
Q

What are the symptoms of a CMV infection in an immunocompromised individual?

A

Pneumonia, colitis, hepatits, encephalitis, retinitis

48
Q

What does reactivation of CMV look like in a normal patient?

A

Nothing it remains latent for life. in an immunocompromised individual it could produce the same symptoms as primary infection.

49
Q

What are the symptoms of congenital CMV?

A

Low birth weight, microcephaly, hearing loss, mental impairment, hepatosplenomegaly, skin rash (blueberry muffin spots), jaundice, and chorioretinitis.

50
Q

Can you distinguish between a primary and recurrent CMV infection?

A

Yes by the presence of IgM and IgG. IgM only = acute CMV disease. Both = recent CMV reactivation

51
Q

What is the histological appearance of CMV?

A

Owl’s eye- dense, dark nuclear body surrounded by a halo

52
Q

What is the treatment of CMV?

A

Normal- nothing
Immunocompromised- Antiviral ganciclovir.
No recommendation to treat infants.

53
Q

True or False: There is no available vaccine for CMV

A

True. But you can give CMV-IG intravenously to immunocompromised patients monthly.

Disease and Defense (14 decks)

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