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Disease and Defense > Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Ebola > Flashcards

Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Ebola Flashcards

1
Q

What age group has the highest attack rates?

A

Children, but infants experience the highest mortality and hospitalizations rates.

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2
Q

During what seasons does influenza peak?

A

winter/spring

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3
Q

What does the genome of influenza look like?

A

Eight different pieces of single-stranded RNA.

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4
Q

What two surface proteins are found on the lipid envelope of influenza viruses?

A

Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)

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5
Q

What are the three types of influenza viruses?

A
  1. Type A
  2. Type B
  3. Type C (clinically insignificant)
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6
Q

Which type of influenza causes epidemics, pandemics and can infect other animal?

A

Type A

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7
Q

Define antigenic drift.

A

Refers to a gradual change in the virus through a slow series of mutations, substitutions, or deletions of amino acids

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8
Q

Define antigenic shift.

A

When a type A influenza virus with a completely novel hemagglutinin or neuraminidase gene. More dramatic impact.

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9
Q

True or False: Influenza type B viruses are subject to antigenic shift as they infect only humans.

A

False: They are not subject to antigenic shift and thus they only infect humans

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10
Q

Name four influenza pandemics .

A
  1. 1918-1919- Spanish Flu killed 550,000
  2. 1957-1958- Asian Flu killed 70,000
  3. 1968-1969- Hong Kong Flu killed 34,000
  4. 2009-2010- Swine Flu
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza?

A

Acute fever, chills, myalgias, headache, and cough. Infants can also have gastrointestinal symptoms, apnea, and anorexia.

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12
Q

What are the two forms of treatment for influenza?

A
  1. Matrix protein inhibitors

2. Neuraminidase Inhibitors

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13
Q

What are two types of matrix protein inhibitors and what type of influenza do they treat?

A
  1. Amantadine
  2. Rimantadine

Type A

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14
Q

What are three types of neuraminidase inhibitors and what type of influenza do they treat?

A
  1. Oseltamivir (tamiflu)- Oral
  2. Zanamivir (Relenza)- Inhalation
  3. Peramivir (Rapivab)- IV only

Subtype A and B

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15
Q

To which antiviral is H1N1 resistant?

A

Oseltamivir

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16
Q

Can you use Zanamivir in children less than 7 years of age?

A

No.

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17
Q

What are the two types of seasonal influenza vaccines?

A
  1. Inactivated influenza vaccines- injectable,killed vaccine for all individuals 6 months and over.
  2. Live attenuated influenza vaccine- Intranasally, ages 2-49yo
18
Q

What is in a trivalent vaccine?

A

Two “A” strains and one “B” strain

19
Q

What is a quadrivalent vaccine?

A

Two “A” strains and two “B” strain

20
Q

What is coccooning?

A

Everyone in a household with an infant younger than 6 months are vaccinated against influenza.

21
Q

Name some high-risk individuals who should be targeted for vaccination for influenza.

A
  1. Children younger than 2
  2. Adult over 65
  3. Pregnant women
  4. Immunosuppressed
  5. Morbidly obese
  6. People who have been on long-term aspirin
22
Q

What age group did the H1N1 pandemic affect the most?

A

Highest among children and young adults.

23
Q

What is the primary risk factor for Avian flu (H5N1)?

A

Living close to birds.
Direct contact with infected birds
Direct contact with humans with avian influenza

24
Q

What three conditions must be met to define when an influenza pandemic is occurring?

A
  1. Emergence of a new influenza subtype
  2. Must infect humans and cause serious illness
  3. Sustained human-to-human transmission and spread easily among humans
25
Q

What are the symptoms of respiratory syncytial viral infection?

A

Significant lower respiratory infection in all ages and most common cause of bronchiolitis.

26
Q

What is the structure of RSV?

A

Single stranded, non-segmented RNA virus, two important proteins: F protein and G protein.

27
Q

What is the function of F protein in RSV?

A

Function: Fusion of viral envelope to host cell

28
Q

What is the function of G protein?

A

Function: Initial binding of virus to the host cell

29
Q

What are the two types of RSV? And which is more severe?

A

Subtypes: A and B

A is more serious

30
Q

What are the three ways to test for RSV?

A
  1. PCR- Quick and accurate
  2. Direct Antigen (Rapid Test)- Quick not accurate
  3. Cell Culture- not quick
31
Q

What is Palivizumal (Respigam)?

A

Human pooled antibody against RSV

32
Q

What are the five species of Ebola?

A
  1. Zaire
  2. Sudan
  3. Bundibugyo
  4. Tai Forest
  5. Reston
33
Q

What is the structure of ebola?

A

Enveloped, negative-strand RNA, replicates in the cytoplasm. It has 7 structural proteins and 2 non-structural proteins.

34
Q

What is the role of glycoproteins in ebola viral envelopes?

A

Attachment/entry and important in pathogenicity

35
Q

What are the two types of matrix proteins in ebola?

A
  1. VP40- important for structure, stability, assembly, budding
  2. VP24- assembly budidng, necleocapsid assembly, immune defense
36
Q

What is Ebola’s target cell?

A

Phagocytic cells and then induces a massive cytokine storm and destroys endothelial cells.
And parenchymal cells leading to cell destruction and necrosis

37
Q

How is immunity acquired for Ebola?

A

Antibodies to glycoproteins.

38
Q

How can Ebola evade the human immune system?

A

Glycoproteins mask antibody binding sites and physically blocks the MHC.
Glycoproteins can also act as decoys when they are soluble by binding up antibodies.

39
Q

What are the roles of VP35 and VP24 in Ebola ?

A

They interfer with the cell’s interferon production with plays a role in signaling for “help” and also inhibits the cell from apoptosis.

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Ebola?

A

GI, fever, fatigue/weakness, loss of fluids, vomiting and diarrhea.

41
Q

What is the treatment in Ebola?

A

Management is symptomatic. Treatment- Zmapp- monoclonal antibody agains 3 targets on the GP.

42
Q

What do patients with Ebola usually die from?

A

Hypovolemia and/or organ failure

Disease and Defense (14 decks)

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