introduction to course notes

Question 1

what are the two basic kinds of reasoning ?

Answer 1

inductive and deductive

Question 2

what is a deductive argument ?

Answer 2

succeeds in proving its conclusion to be true if and only if threee condiditos are met .

Question 3

what are the three conditions deductive arguments need to have ?

Answer 3

1. all terms must be clear
2. all the premises must be true
   3.the argument must be logically valid

Question 4

what is a term in logic ?

Answer 4

a term in logic is the subject or the predicate of a proposition terms are either clear or unclear

Question 5

what is a characteristic of propositions ?

Answer 5

are either true or false . declarative sentences .

Question 6

what is a deductive argument ?

Answer 6

is logically valid if its conclusion necessarily follows from its premises , invalid if it doesn’t not

Question 7

what is simple apprehension?

Answer 7

basically conceiving understanding or comprehending one object of thought

Question 8

what is judging ?

Answer 8

moves from one act of simple apprehensions (the subject ) to another ( the predicate ) , reasoning moves from tow or more judgements the premises or assumptions to another ( the conclusion ) in arguing that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true .

Question 9

what are concepts ?

Answer 9

the product of conceiving

Question 10

what are judgements ?

Answer 10

the products of judging

Question 11

what are arguments ?

Answer 11

the products of reasoning or arguing

Question 12

what are the differences between logic and language ?

Answer 12

language are man made artifices and therefore there are many languages that are different in place and time while logic is not made but discovered there is only one logic

Question 13

does a term have or doesn’t have structural parts ?

Answer 13

does have

Question 14

how many structural parts does a proposition have and what are they ?

Answer 14

the subject and the predicate term . the subject is hat your talking about . the predicate term is what you say about the subject

Question 15

what does the term answer ?

Answer 15

Answers the question what is it

Question 16

what does the proposition answer ?

Answer 16

the questions whether it is

Question 17

what does an argument answer ?

Answer 17

answers the question why it is.

Question 18

name 3 things about terms

Answer 18

never true or false
never valid or invalid
only clear or unclear

Question 19

name 2 things about propositions

Answer 19

never valid or invalid
only true or false

Question 20

name 3 things about arguments

Answer 20

never clear or unclear
never true or false
only valid or invalid

Question 21

what is an invalid argument ?

Answer 21

is one where the conclusion doesn’t follow , even if the premises are true