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Baz: Y1 Semester 1 > Introduction to Breathing, Circulation and Blood > Flashcards

Introduction to Breathing, Circulation and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Two definitions of respiration

A

External respiration: The absorbtion of O2 and removel of CO2 from the body as a whole

Internal respiration: The utilisation of O2 and production of CO2 by cells and the gaseous exchanges between the cells and their fluid medium

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2
Q

Medulla

A

Controls involuntary breathing

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3
Q

The control of breathing is most stimulated by

A

CO2 and blood pH

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4
Q

What is the main take home for the structure of lungs and exchange of gases?

A

Alvioli and the capillaries are very thin walled

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5
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Protien found in red blood cells and is designed to bind oxygen

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6
Q

Oxygen haemoglobin dissociation

A

Certain factor can change haemoglobin’s ability to take in/ give up oxygen. For example things found in exercising muscles such as CO2, heat and acid

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7
Q

How is CO2 carried in the blood?

A
  • Most is carried as a bicarbonate ion
  • Some binds to haemoglobin and some is disolved directly
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8
Q

How do we measure ammount of O2 in the blood?

A

Measure haemoglobin saturation, easy and non invasive however relies on normal levels of Haemoglobin as assumes haemoglobin saturation is proportional to oxygen

Measure arterial blood gasses, invasive however this is a direct measure of the partial pressure of O2 in the blood

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9
Q

Haemoglobin saturation test

A
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10
Q

Arterial blood gases test

A

Blood taken and analysed. Measures PO2 but also PCO2

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11
Q

Normal blood gas values

A
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12
Q

4 mechanics that mean respiration is going wrong

A
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13
Q

Asthma

A

Airways constrict meaning not enough oxygen is getting into the lungs

Treated by steroids which reduce the thickening of the airways caused by inflamation

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14
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Mutation in the CFTR gene means the CFTR protein is unable to move chloride (part of salt) to th cell surface. Without the prescence of chloride on the surface water isn’t attracted and the mucus becomes thick and sticky.

In the lungs this means it builds up inside and makes breathing hard.

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15
Q

CFTR protein

A

The CFTR (CF transmembrane conductance regulator) protein is present in cells which produce mucous, it is responsible for transporting chloride from inside the cell to the outside in order to atrract water to the mucus.

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16
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Excessive mucus production in airways, alveoli destruction and destruction of connective tissue leading to collapse of conducting airways

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17
Q

Pneunomia

A

An infection of the lungs which causes fluid
to build up in alveoli (pulmonary odeama)

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18
Q

Pulmonary Odeama

A

Fluid builds up in the lungs

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19
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

Scarring of the lung tissue, inhibits the transmission of oxygen

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20
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

An embolism which travels up into the pulmonary artery and occludes blood flow to a part of the lung cause tissue death

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21
Q

Treatment for low oxygen

A

Can treat the underlying cause

But also can give oxygen therepy.

This is usually just by giving oxygen through a mask however in intensive care situation an invasive ventilator may be used

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22
Q

Heart Anatomy

What is this and what is the function?

A

Aorta

The main artery leaving the heart, the beginning of the circularory system

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23
Q

Heart Anatomy

What is this and what is the function?

A

Atrioventicular valve

Purpose is to let blood into the heart during diastole and not back out during systole

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24
Q

Heart Anatomy

What is this and what is the function?

A

These are the left and right atriums

These are the upper chambers for blood to gather before being brought into the ventricles

25
Q

Heart Anatomy

What is this and what is the function?

A

Ventricles

These are the lower chambers of the heat and is essentially the pump

26
Q

Heart Anatomy

What is this and what is the function?

A

Semiluner valve

The valves that let blood out of the heart during systole and not back in during diastole

27
Q

Heart Anatomy

What is this and what is the function?

A

Superior and Inferior vena-cava

The viens that carry blood from the circulatory system into the heart

28
Q

Heart Anatomy

What is this and what is the function?

A

Pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

29
Q

Heart Anatomy

What is this and what is the function?

A

Pulmonary artery

Carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

30
Q

Not really a great flashcard but try to just study and understand the following graph. Can you mimic the diastole and systole motion with hands while making the phonogram (what you hear with a stethoscope)

A
31
Q

The cardiac output equation in terms of the heart and the approxiamate values

A
32
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism

A

This is a mechanism of the heart in order to deal with changing venous return.

Basically the larger the ventricals expand the higher the pre load will be (the end diastolic pressure) allowing the heart to clear a higher stroke volume.

33
Q

The cardiac output equation in terms of the circulartory system

A
34
Q

Preload / Afterload

A

Preload is the potential force the cardiac muscles can generate in diastole. Afterload is the force of the contraction required to eject the blood

35
Q

Response of arterioles to oxygen

A

Pulmonary arterioles dialate in response to and increase in O2. Systemic arterioles dialate in response to a decrease in O2

36
Q

Valve disease

A

This can cause the valves of the heart to not shut properly

37
Q

What does laminar flow in a tube look like?

A
38
Q

With regards to Poiseuille’s law how does flow relate to radius, viscosity, pressure gradient and tube length?

A

Flow is
1. Directly prop to pressure gradiant
2. Prop to r^4
3. Inversely prop to tube length
4. Inversely prop to viscosity

Therefore tube radius has the largest effect

39
Q

Role of elastic arteries and blood pressure

A

The elastic arteries work to reduce the effect of the pusle and transform the varying pressure into a steady pressure

40
Q

Describe the shape of the graph corresponding to vessel diameter throughout the systemic vasculature

A
41
Q

Describe the shape of the graph corresponding to total croos sectional area throughout the systemic vasculature

A
42
Q

Describe the shape of the graph corresponding to average pressure throughout the systemic vasculature

A
43
Q

Describe the shape of the graph corresponding to flow velocity throughout the systemic vasculature

A
44
Q

Main differences in structure between arteries and veins

A
  1. Veins can collapse because they have less structural integredy in order to expand more easily at low pressures
  2. Veins have valves in order to prevent back flow at low pressures
45
Q

Two forms of pressure dictating flow in/out of capillaries?

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure, this is always in the direction of capillary to interstitial
  2. Oncotic pressure aka water concentration, this is always in the direction of interstitial to capillary

The balnce of these two determines the direction of flow

46
Q

Main features of a red blood cell?

A
  1. Flexible disk - to allow it to fit through small vasculature
  2. Heamoglobin within the cells - to increase oxygen carrying capacity
  3. Cell surface protiens - these define the blood type
  4. No nucleus or mitocondria - to make it more flexible, however they then rely on glycolysis for energy
47
Q

Haemoglobin structure

A

Consists of two alpha globins and two beta globins

The haem part represents the iron which is bound within the the globin part by protein chains

It is the iron that can reveribly bind to oxygen

48
Q

What is an oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

It is a curve that plots oxygen saturation within haemoglobin vs oxygen pressure

49
Q

What is the Bohr effect and what things affect this curve and hence effect oxygen affinity

A

The bohr effect is the name for how CO2 affects the heamoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve

  1. increase in pCO2 causes a right shift
  2. increase in temp causes a right shift
  3. increase in 2,3-DPG causes a right shift
  4. decrease in pH causes a right shift

A right shift means oxygen is given up more easily

50
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

It is a hormone produced by the kidney is response to low blood oxygen which stimulates red cell production

51
Q

Things that can go wrong in red cell production

A
  1. Bone marrow failures
  2. Problems with globin production
  3. Lack of materials aka b12 and iron
  4. Lack of erythropoietin due to kidney issues
52
Q

What is G6PD and how does it effect red cell function?

A

G6PD is an ezyme, if you are definicient in this red cell break down

53
Q

What is sickle cell

A

It is an inherited problem with the beta globin chians

It causes cells to “sickle” when deoxygenated wich can cause blockages amoungst other problems

54
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Anaemia is specifically not enough haemoglobin or red blood cells. The causes of this can be many things.

Iron deficiency is just one cause

55
Q

Describe the frank-starling mechanism graph and the reasons for the two extremes

A

At the beginning and end of the graph myesin in the heart muscles can’t bind fully to the actin at maximum contraction or maxium stretch

56
Q

Describe the vicious cycle of heart failure

How is it treated?

A
  • Block sympathetic nervous system
  • Block Renin-Angll
  • Diuretics
57
Q

Spirometry: normal FEV1/FVC figures and figures indicative of COPD

A

> 0.8 is normal
< 0.7 indicative of COPD

58
Q

Whis is Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

It is a glycoprotein hormone, naturally produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney, that stimulates red blood cell production.

Baz: Y1 Semester 1 (30 decks)

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