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BACTE LEC > INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Father of protozoology and bacteriology

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

they lack nuclear membrane and a true nucleus, mitochondria an endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies.

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

membrane-bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

exist as unicellular organisms of microscopic size, whereas others are multicellular organisms

A

Eukaryotic parasites

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5
Q

unicellular organisms within the kingdom Protista that obtain their nutrition through ingestion.

A

Protozoa

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6
Q

cannot produce all of its nutrients

A

Heterotrophic

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7
Q

hyphae that interweave to form mats

A

Mycelia

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8
Q

obtain nutrients through absorption

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

fungi that have yeast and mold phase

A

Dimorphic

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9
Q

multicellular fungi that reproduce asexually

A

Yeasts

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9
Q

filaments of fungi

A

Hyphae

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10
Q

filamentous forms that can reproduce asexually and sexually.

A

Molds

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11
Q

virus that infects and possibly destroys bacterial cells.

A

Bacteriophage

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11
Q

fusion of host cells into multinucleated infected forms.

A

Syncytium

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12
Q

genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype

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12
Q

visible changes

A

Cytopathic cells

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13
Q

complete virus outside a cell

A

Varion

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14
Q

Orderly classification and grouping of organisms
into categories.

A

Classification/taxonomy
Nomenclature
Identification

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15
Q

domains of plants and protists

A

Eukarya

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15
Q

observable traits and functional features of an organism.

A

Phenotype

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15
Q

named similarly to animals; instead divisions phyla is used

A

Protists

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16
Q

are placed in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

last name

A

Genus

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17
Q

human clan

A

Family

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18
Q

human first name

A

Species

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19
Q

smaller than a typical rbc but larger than a virus

A

bacteria

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19
Q

based on susceptibility to specific bacterial phages

A

Phage typing

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20
Q

basis of serologic differences

A

Serovarieties

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20
Q

basis of phenotypic differences

A

Subspecies

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21
Q

provides naming assignments for each organisms

A

Nomenclature

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22
Q

basis of biochemical test result differences

A

Biovarieties

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23
Q

spores are located at the end

A

terminal spores

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24
Q

spores are located at the middle

A

central spores

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25
Q

spores are located near at the end

A

subterminal spores

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26
Q

largest and most inclusive taxa

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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27
Q

found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions

A

Archaea

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28
Q

structure of the cell envelope and enzymes of archaea allows them to survive under stressful or extreme conditions

A

Extremophiles

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29
Q

salt-loving cells

A

Halophiles

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30
Q

heat – loving cells

A

Thermophiles

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31
Q

prokaryotic cells that infect eukaryotic hosts

A

Pathogenic bacteria

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32
Q

inhibit bacterial growth without harming eukaryotic host cells

A

Antimicrobial agents

33
Q

inventor of the ultracentrifuge

A

Theodor Svedberg

34
Q

bacterias that produce endosphores in response to harsh environmental conditions.

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

35
Q

small, dormant, asexual spores that develop inside the bacterial cell as a means of survival, not reproduction.

A

Endosphores

36
Q

highly refractile bodies in the cell and are visualized with Gram stain as unstained areas in a cell because of their thick protein coat.

A

Spores

37
Q

most commonly used endospore stain

A

Schaeffer-Fulton stain

38
Q

causative agent of tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

39
Q

made of phospholipids and proteins and does not contain
sterols.

A

Prokaryotic plasma membrane

40
Q

contain sterols, it acts as an osmotic barrier and the location of the electron transport chain, where energy is generated.

A

Eukaryotic plasma membrane

41
Q

maintains the shape of the cell and prevents bursting of the cell from high osmotic pressure inside it

A

Cell wall

42
Q

principle component of the gram-positive cell wall

A

Thick peptidoglycan wall

43
Q

unique to the gram-positive cell wall.

A

Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid

44
Q

responsible for producing fever and shock in animals infected with gramnegative bacteria; acts as a barrier to hydrophobic compounds and harmful substances

A

Lipid A moiety

44
Q

lack the rigidity of the cell wall, they are seen in various shapes microscopically.

A

Pleomorphic

45
Q

waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids in the acid-fast cell wall

A

Mycolic acid

46
Q

distinct component of fungal cell walls

A

Chitin

47
Q

largest bacterium known found in ocean sediment

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

48
Q

bacilli with tapered, pointed ends

A

Fusiform

49
Q

species differ in size and shape within a pure culture

A

Pleomorphic

50
Q

used in the classification and identification of microorganisms

A

Stains

51
Q

most commonly used stain in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

A

Gram stain

52
Q

used to stain bacteria that have a high mycolic acid and wax content in their cell walls and do not stain well with traditional bacterial stains

A

Acid fast stain

53
Q

fluorochrome dye that stains gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, living or dead. It binds to the nucleic acid of the cell and is used to locate bacteria in blood cultures and other specimens.

A

Acridine orange

53
Q

binds to chitin in fungal cell walls. Used in high-volume laundries to whiten yellow-appearing white cotton and other fabrics.

A

Calcofluor white

53
Q

used to screen specimens for acid-fast bacteria

A

Fluorochrome stain

54
Q

used as a counterstain in acid-fast staining procedures, used as a simple stain to detect white blood cells in stool samples

A

Methylene blue

55
Q

used to stain the cell walls of medically important fungi grown in slide cultures

A

Lactophenol cotton blue

56
Q

negative stains used to visualize capsules surrounding certain yeasts

A

India ink

57
Q

used to stain bacterial spores.

A

Endospore stain

58
Q

primary stain of endospore stain

A

malachite green

58
Q

able to grow simply, using carbon dioxide

A

Autotrophs

59
Q

require more complex substances for growth; used as both the carbon source and energy source

A

Heterotrophs

60
Q

contain nutrients that support the growth of most non-fastidious organisms

A

Nonselective or nutritive type

61
Q

contains added growth factors, such as blood, vitamins, and yeast extract.

A

Enriched mediums

62
Q

contains additives such as dyes, bile salts, alcohols, acids, and microbial agents that inhibit the growth of some bacteria.

A

Selective media

63
Q

allow visualization of metabolic differences between groups or species of bacteria

A

Differential media

63
Q

distinguishes between lactose fermenters and nonlactose fermenters

A

MAC agar

63
Q

Most pathogenic bacteria grow best at a neutral pH

A

7.0-7.5

63
Q

distinguishes between hemolytic and non hemolytic organisms

A

Sheep blood agar

63
Q

to recover small numbers of organisms that may be present in a clinical sample

A

Broth media

64
Q

used to enhance the growth of group B streptococci

A

Lim broth

64
Q

holding medium designed to preserve the viability of microorganisms in the specimen but not allow multiplication

A

Transport medium

64
Q

encourage the growth of small numbers of a particular organism while suppressing other bacteria

A

Enrichment broth

65
Q

cold temperature (10-20 degrees C)

A

Psychrophiles

66
Q

moderate temperatures (20-40 degrees C), grow near the human core body temperature

A

Mesophiles

67
Q

high temperatures (50-60 degrees C)

A

Thermophiles

68
Q

require oxygen for growth

A

Obligate aerobes

69
Q

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

70
Q

can survive in the presence of oxygen but grow poorly and do not use oxygen in metabolism

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

71
Q

less energy yielding than aerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration

71
Q

consists of the biochemical reactions bacteria used to break down organic compounds and the reactions they use to synthesize new molecules from smaller subunits.

A

Microbial metabolism

71
Q

can grow either with or without oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

71
Q

require a reduced level of oxygen to grow

A

Microaerophilic bacteria

71
Q

efficient energy-generating process in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

A

Aerobic respiration

71
Q

require an atmosphere enriched with carbon dioxide

A

Capnophilic bacteria

71
Q

bacterial growth is replicated by

A

binary fusion

71
Q

Alternative to EMP pathway for carbohydrate metabolism

A

PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

71
Q

anaerobic process carried out by obligate, facultative, and aerotolerant anaerobes.

A

Fermentation

71
Q

most important pathway for the complete oxidation of a substrate

A

Krebs cycle

71
Q

Converts glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde phosphate, which can be funneled into other pathways

A

ENTNER-DOUDOROFF PATHWAY

71
Q

Major pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate

A

EMBDEN MEYERHOF PARVAS GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY

BACTE LEC (6 decks)

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