Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BACTE LEC > INFECTION AND IMMUNITY > Flashcards

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

Residents within an on surfaces of
human host

Mostly of “symbiotic relationship

But they can become opportunistic

A

normal microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is opportunistic infection

A

Infections that take advantage of weakness in immune defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when do normal microbiota become opportunistic

A

Their habitat is altered
Compromised host immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

role of microbiota in host defense

A

Helps develop immunologic competence since they primed the immune system during contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

– inhibit closely related pathogenic
bacteria

A

bacteriocins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Refers to the ability of the organism to produce
disease in an individual

A

pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

difference of true pathogen and opportunistic pathogen

A

A true pathogen is an infectious agent that causes disease in virtually any susceptible host. Opportunistic pathogens are potentially infectious agents that rarely cause disease in individuals with healthy immune systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Results from medical treatment or procedures

A

Iatrogenic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Considerations to note when deciding if an isolate is a pathogen or just a contaminant

A

▪ Presence of underlying conditions
▪ Age
▪ Persons receiving transplant or immunosuppressive
therapy (i.e chemotherapy)
▪ Presence of immunosuppressive disease (AIDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the route of transmission where secretions are aerosolized by coughing, sneezing, and
talking

A

airborne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the route of transmission where there is physical contact

A

direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the route of transmission where you touch objects, ate contaminated food or water, or got bitten by vectors

A

indirect contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differentiate VERTICAL from HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION

A

In horizontal transmission, viruses are transmitted among individuals of the same generation, while vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define PARENTERAL TRANSMISSION

A

Parenteral transmission is defined as that which occurs outside of the alimentary tract, such as in subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intrasternal injections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Relative ability to cause disease or the
degree of pathogenicity. Influence by:
▪ Infectious dose
▪ Virulence factors

A

Virulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are avirulent organisms?

A

An avirulent disease or organism is not, or is no longer, dangerous, and does not spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHAT VIRULENCE FACTOR?
- Presence of bacterial capsules
- Interference by Protein A of staphylococci
- Release of leukoctoxic substances
▪ Haemolysins
▪ Leukocidins (PVL)

A

Phagocyte evasion

9
Q

WHAT VIRULENCE FACTOR?
▪ Main adhesins in bacteria
▪ Once attached, they can resist phagocytosis and can release toxins

A

Adhesion to host cells

9
Q

WHAT VIRULENCE FACTOR?
- Host factors that prevent proliferation
- THIS CAN LEAD TO INVASION OR WORSE, DISSEMINATION

A

Intracellular survival and proliferation

9
Q

WHAT VIRULENCE FACTOR?
- Release of exotoxins and enzymes
- Poisonous substances that interact with host cells, disrupting
normal metabolism
- Produced by both gram + & - bacteria
- Released via secretion or after lysis of the bacterial cell
- Release of endotoxin
- Constituent of the of the LPS of gram negative
bacteria
- It does not have enzymatic activity
- Secreted in small amounts! ☺
- Released in LARGE AMOUNTS when bacterial
cell lyses

A

Production of extracellular enzymes and toxins

10
Q

activates the fever center of the hypothalamus

A

Interleukin 1

10
Q

vasodilator and chemo attractant

A

Tumour Necrosis Factor

10
Q

vasodilator

A

Histamine

10
Q

Interaction of “sentinel” cells with microorganisms
activate them and caused them to secrete
proinflammatory cytokines

A

Inflammation

10
Q

The dilated blood vessels allow the leakage of
plasma components into the tissue which
include:

A

▪ Red blood cells
▪ Platelets
▪ White blood cells
▪ Enzymes and other substances
▪ Plasma

10
Q

Effects of endotoxin

A

▪ Prolonged inflammation and fever
▪ Hypotension
▪ Septic shock
▪ Intravascular coagulation
▪ Severe bleeding

10
Q

In large amounts, it can stimulate production of “proinflammatory” cytokines

A

endotoxin and inflammation

10
Q

antimicrobial sections in the physical barrier

A

Fatty acids in the skin
Stomach acidity
IgA in secretions
Lysozyme
Beta lysin
Interferon

10
Q

hydrolyses peptidoglycan of gram
positive bacteria

A

Lysozyme

11
Q

released by platelets which are lethal to
gram positive bacteria

A

Beta lysin

11
Q

inhibits proliferation of viruses

A

Interferon

11
Q

Migration of neutrophils to the site of injury

▪ Movement from area of low concentration gradient to high concentration gradient of chemo attractants

A

Phagocytosis: chemotaxis

11
Q

Direct physical contact is mediated by:

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
Pattern Recognition Receptors

11
Q

indirect physical contact is mediated by:

A

opsonins

11
Q

Phagocyte’s membrane invaginates and surrounds the microorganism

Engulfed microorganism is transported into the cytoplasm and is enclosed in a vacuole called “phagosome”

Phagosome fuses with the lysosomes forming
“phagolysosome”

Lysosomes release lysosomal enzymes which digest the microorganism

A

phagocytosis: ingestion

11
Q

Increase oxygen consumption resulting to the production of toxic O2 metabolites such as:

A

▪ O2- (superoxide anion)
▪ H202 (hydrogen peroxide)
▪ HClO (hypochlorous acid)

11
Q

What stage of infection: No signs or symptoms

A

Incubation stage

11
Q

What stage of infection:- First signs and symptoms, pathogen may be highly communicable

A

Prodromal stage

11
Q

What stage of infection:- Peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of infection or disease

A

Period of illness

11
Q

What stage of infection: Condition of host deteriorates possibly to death or signs and symptoms begin to subside

A

Stage of decline

12
Q

What stage of infection: Full recovery of surviving host or chronic infection develops, or death

A

Convalescent stage

BACTE LEC (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions