Introduction To Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the anatomical position ?
A
• provides a reference point
• standing upright
• arms by side
• feet together and parallel
• palms forward
2
Q
What are the anatomical planes ?
A
- median plane
- Sagittal planes
- coronal/frontal plane
- transverse/axial plane
3
Q
What is the median plane ?
A
It divides the body equally into left and right
4
Q
What is a sagittal plane ?
A
Sagittal planes lie vertically and parallel
5
Q
What is the coronal/frontal plane ?
A
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
6
Q
What is the transverse plane ?
A
Runs horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior sections
7
Q
Define superior
A
Above
8
Q
Define inferior
A
Below
9
Q
Define anterior
A
In front
10
Q
Define posterior
A
Behind
11
Q
Define medial
A
Closer to the midline
12
Q
Define lateral
A
Away from the midline
13
Q
Define superficial
A
Towards the surface
14
Q
Define deep
A
Away from the surface
15
Q
Define proximal
A
Closer to where the limb inserts into body
16
Q
Define distal
A
Further away from where the limb inserts into the body
17
Q
Define cranial
A
Superior/above
18
Q
Define Caudal
A
Inferior/below
19
Q
Define dorsal
A
Backside/posterior
20
Q
Define ventral
A
Frontside/anterior
21
Q
Define adduction
A
Towards the median plane
22
Q
Define abduction
A
Away from the median plane
23
Q
Define compact bone
A
Dense
24
Q
Define cancellous/ trabeculae bone
A
Spongy
25
What are the different bone shapes ?
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
26
What are the features that bones can have ?
- extensions or projections
- depressions
- cavities or passages
27
How are muscles named ?
In relation to their :
- shape
- attachment site
- position
- function
28
Give an example of a muscle named after its shape
The deltoid muscle (triangular shape)
29
Give an example of a muscle named after the site it is attached to
Hyoglossus ( attached to the hyoid bone )
30
Give an example of a muscle named after its position in the body
The subscapularis (deep to the scapula)
31
Give 3 examples of muscles named after their function
• the masseter
• the levator labii superioris (lifts lips)
• the depressor anguli oris (pulls down corners of mouth)
32
What is part of the central nervous system ?
The brain and spinal cord
33
What is the role of the CNS ?
It communicates with the peripheral nervous system to carry out higher functions such as learning and thinking
34
What is the peripheral nervous system ?
It consists of spinal nerves, cranial nerves and ganglia
35
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system ?
- conducts impulses to and away from the CNS
- connects the CNS to peripheral structures
36
What are the cranial nerves ?
The cranial nerves come off the brain and control the head and neck. They come in 12 pairs.
37
What are the spinal nerves ?
They come off the vertebral column and control the rest of the body
38
How is the peripheral nervous system organised ?
It can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
39
What is the role of the somatic nervous system ?
It controls voluntary muscles e.g skeletal muscle and the skin and transmits sensory Information to CNS
40
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system ?
It controls involuntary body functions for example smooth muscle and glands
41
What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system ?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
42
Summarise the sympathetic nervous system
• fight or flight
• thoracolumbar outflow
• has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibres
43
Summarise the parasympathetic nervous system
• Rest and digest
• craniosacral flow
• has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibres
44
What is fascia ?
Fascia is a layer of tissue between the muscle and fat which decreases the spread of infection
45
What are the 2 layers of fascia and where are they found ?
Superficial fascia is found towards the surface whereas deep fascia is found away from the surface
46
What do arteries do ?
They carry blood away from the heart
47
What do veins do ?
They carry blood towards the heart
48
What is the role of lymphatic vessels ?
They carry extracellular fluid, lymphocytes and cellular debris towards the heart
49
What does bifurcate mean ?
split into 2
50
What does anastomose mean ?
come together
51
What are some properties of veins ?
They have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
They have tributaries
52
Define flexion
Moving a joint so that the angle between the bones decreases
53
Define extension
Straightening a joint so the angle between the bones increases
54
Define supination
When the radius rotates laterally so the radius and ulna are parallel to one another - the palms face superiorly
55
Define pronation
Rotation of the radius medially so the distal end crosses over the anterior aspect of the ulna resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly
56
Define depression
Lowering / moving downwards
57
Define elevation
Heighten / lift upwards
58
How can joints be classified ?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
59
What type of movement does a fibrous joint have ?
no movement
60
What type of movement does a cartilaginous joint have ?
some movement
61
What type of movement does a synovial joint have ?
a lot of movement
62
Give an example of a fibrous joints
sutures (skull)
63
Give an example of a cartilaginous joint
intervertebral disk
64
Give an example of a synovial joint
knee joint
65
What are the features that can be found at a synovial joint ?
- synovial cavity
- joint capsule
- articular cartilage
- synovial membrane
66
Why is deep fascia important ?
The layers it forms may direct infection through specific paths
67
Where are tendons found ?
They are located at the end of the muscle and attach muscles to bones
68
What is the role of the muscle belly ?
It contains contractile muscle fibres that generate force
69
Why is it important to understand fascial tissue ?
- when giving injections
- during surgery
- diagnosing spread of infection
70
What do compartments (created by deep fascia) contain ?
They contain muscles, nerves and blood vessels
71
What are the properties of arteries ?
They have elastic walls so appear thick and turgid
72
What are the properties of veins ?
They have thin and distensible walls
73
What does a neurovascular bundle contain ?
Artery, vein and nerve
74
What is varicose veins ?
When venous blood pools in superficial veins so the veins widen (dilate) and coil (tortuosity)
75
What is the role of afferent/somatosensory neurones ?
They convey nerve impulses towards the CNS
76
What is the role of efferent/somatomotor neurones ?
Carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to effector organs
77
What are the 3 meningeal layers of the spinal cord ?
1) Dura mater - tough fibrous tissue (outermost layer)
2) Arachnoid mater - delicate (deep to the dura mater)
3) Pia mater - thin and transparent (deep to the arachnoid mater)
78
Define ipsilateral
On the same side
79
Define contralateral
On opposite sides
80
At which vertebral level does the spinal cord end ?
L1/L2
81
What is the name given to the slightly expanded lower end of the spinal cord ?
Lumbosacral enlargement
82
What is the cauda equina ?
Bundle of nerves at the end of the spinal cord
83
What is the brachial plexus ?
It is a network of nerves in the shoulder that carry movement and signals from the spinal cord to the arms and hands
84
Which nerve is responsible for skin sensation over the little finger ?
Ulnar nerve
85
What is the action of brachialis on the elbow joint ?
Flexion of the forearm
86
Which artery gives rise to the radial artery ?
Brachial artery
