Abdomen

Question 1

What is the gastrointestinal tract ?

Answer 1

It is a long tube extending from the mouth to the rectum

Question 2

What are the components of the gastrointestinal tract ?

Answer 2

Oral cavity > pharynx and oesophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine

Question 3

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine ?

Answer 3

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

Question 4

What are the different parts of the large intestine ?

Answer 4

1) caecum
2) appendix
3) colon

Question 5

What are the functions of the gastrointestinal tract ?

Answer 5

• ingestion
• mastication
• deglutition
• digestion
• absorption
• compaction
• defaecation

Question 6

What can the gastrointestinal tract be split into ?

Answer 6

• upper tract
• lower tract

Question 7

What does the upper gastrointestinal tract consist of ?

Answer 7

• mouth
• oesophagus
• stomach
• duodenum

Question 8

What does the lower gastrointestinal tract consist of ?

Answer 8

• jejunum and ileum
• large intestine

Question 9

What is the upper part of the stomach known as ?

Answer 9

The fundus

Question 10

What is the lower part of the stomach known as ?

Answer 10

Pylorus

Question 11

What are the functions of the stomach ?

Answer 11

• reservoir to store food (~4 hours)
• fragments food
• acts as a muscular food mixer
• propels food into the duodenum

Question 12

What are the gastric secretions ?

Answer 12

• parietal/oxyntic cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
• G cells secrete gastrin
• chief/peptic cells secret pepsinogen

Question 13

Where are parietal cells found ?

Answer 13

At the fundus if the stomach

Question 14

Where are g cells found ?

Answer 14

At the pylorus of the stomach

Question 15

Where are peptic cells found ?

Answer 15

At the pylorus of the stomach

Question 16

What is the function of hydrochloric acid ?

Answer 16

Kills bacteria in food

Question 17

What is the function of g cells ?

Answer 17

decide gastric emptying (when food leaves the stomach)

Question 18

What is the function of the small intestine ?

Answer 18

• mixes food with digestive secretions
• completes digestion
• completes absorption
• propels food towards the colon

Question 19

What are the functions of the pancreas ?

Answer 19

• exocrine function = aqueous components rich in bicarbonate move into the blood through a tube
• endocrine function = secretes hormones such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and polypeptides directly into the blood

Question 20

What is the function of the liver ?

Answer 20

• secretes bile
• regulates metabolism
• synthesises proteins
• stores irons and vitamins
• degrades certain hormones
• excretes many drugs and toxins

Question 21

Where is bile produced ?

Answer 21

Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

Question 22

What is the function of bile ?

Answer 22

Emulsification of fats and lipids

Question 23

What are the different parts of the colon ?

Answer 23

• ascending colon
• transverse colon
• descending colon
• sigmoid colon
• rectum

Question 24

What are the functions of the large intestine ?

Answer 24

• resorption of fluid
• compaction
• defaecation (elimination of waste)

Question 25

What are the abdominal quadrants ?

Answer 25

Just above the quadrants in the midline is the epigastric
Just below the quadrants in the midline is the suprapubic
The quadrants are :
- right upper quadrant
- left upper quadrant
- right lower quadrant
- left lower quadrant