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Anatomy > Face > Flashcards

Face Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the eye ?

A

For vision

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2
Q

What is the function of the nose ?

A

Part of the upper respiratory tract and for olfaction

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3
Q

What is the function of the mouth ?

A

Taste and digestion

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4
Q

What is the function of the ear ?

A

Hearing and balance

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5
Q

Why is the face important ?

A
  • allows recognition
  • conveys mood by facial expression
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6
Q

How is the shape of the face determined ?

A

By the underlying bones

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7
Q

Name some bones of the facial skeleton

A
  • nasal
  • lacrimal
  • zygomatic
  • vomer
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • inferior conchae
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8
Q

What forms the middle 1/3 of the face ?

A

The maxilla

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9
Q

How is the facial skeleton divided ?

A

By Le Fort fractures

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10
Q

What are the 3 Le fort fractures ?

A
  • Le Fort I
  • Le Fort II
  • Le Fort III
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11
Q

Summarise Le Fort I

A
  • mildest fracture
  • linear fracture
  • separates the hard palate from the rest of the face
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12
Q

Summarise Le Fort II

A
  • pyramidal fracture
  • the apex is at the level of the nasal bone
  • the base is from the maxilla
  • it misses the orbit but slightly involves the floor of the orbit
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13
Q

Summarise Le Fort III

A
  • most severe fracture
  • pretty much the whole face will be dissociated
  • starts at the nasal bone but involves the medial, posterior and inferior border of the orbit
  • spares the superior orbital fissure
  • CSF leak can occur
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14
Q

Which nerve supplies the skin over the face ?

A
  • the trigeminal nerve
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15
Q

What are the 5 branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve ?

A
  • Supratrochlear
  • Lacrimal
  • Infratrochlear
  • External nasal
  • Supraorbital
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16
Q

What are the 3 branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve ?

A
  • Zygomaticotemporal
  • Zygomaticofacial
  • Infraorbital
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17
Q

What are the 3 branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve ?

A
  • Auriculotemporal
  • Buccal
  • Mental
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18
Q

What is the test for the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve ?

A

Corneal reflex - the whites of the sclera are touched with cotton and there is a blinking reflex

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19
Q

What is the test for the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve ?

A

Fine touch - close eyes and touch the territories of V2

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20
Q

What is the test for the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve ?

A

Motor - clench jaw so masseter becomes prominent

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21
Q

What are the 2 groups of facial muscles ?

A
  • muscles of facial expression
  • muscles of mastication
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22
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of facial expression ?

A

Innervated by the facial nerve

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23
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of mastication ?

A

Innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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24
Q

What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris ?

A

Lowers the lower lip

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25
Q

What are the different parts of the orbicularis oculi ?

A
  • palpebral part
  • lacrimal part
  • orbital part
26
Q

What is the function of the depressor anguli oris ?

A

Depresses the corners of the mouth

27
Q

What is the function of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis ?

A

Frowning and raising the eyebrows

28
Q

Why do cheek dimples form ?

A

Because the zygomaticus major is short or split

29
Q

Why do chin dimples form ?

A

Because the mentalis hasn’t fused properly in the midline

30
Q

What are the muscles of mastication ?

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial and lateral pterygoids
31
Q

Describe the route of the facial nerve

A
  • emerges via the stylomastoid foramen
  • runs through the parotid gland
32
Q

How is the superficial and deep lobes of the parotid gland differentiated ?

A

The facial nerve is used as a landmark to differentiate

33
Q

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve ?

A

1) temporal
2) zygomatic
3) buccal
4) marginal mandibular
5) cervical

34
Q

What does occlusion mean ?

A

Occlusion is when the teeth in the mandibular arch come into contact with those in the maxillary arch in any functional relation

35
Q

What is Angle’s classification of occlusion ?

A

The mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar should align with the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar in a normal occlusion

36
Q

What is meant by malocclusion ?

A

Anything which deviates from a normal occlusion

37
Q

Summarise Classe I of Angle’s classification

A

The maxillary first molar is moved back

38
Q

Summarise Classe II of Angle’s classification

A

The maxillary first molar is moved in front and this is known as an overbite

39
Q

Summarise Classe III of Angle’s classification

A

The mandibular first molar is moved in front and this is known as an underbite

40
Q

What is bone resorption ?

A

With age the bone density decreases and the distance between the nose and chin may decrease due to tooth and bone loss

41
Q

What are the consequences of the mental foramen moving closer to the surface of the teeth due to bone resorption ?

A

The mental foramen is a passage for the mental nerve which is a sensory nerve and so if this nerve was pushed down the person would experience more pain

42
Q

What is the function of the parotid gland ?

A

It produces saliva - secretions are serous in nature meaning they are watery and enzymatic

43
Q

What is the largest salivary gland ?

A

The parotid gland

44
Q

Describe the structure of the parotid gland

A
  • it has 2 lobes : superficial and deep
  • it is pyramid shaped
  • it is surrounded by a fibrous capsule
  • it is associated with the stylomandibular ligament
45
Q

What is mumps disease ?

A

It occurs due to swelling of the parotid gland

46
Q

Describe the course of the parotid duct

A
  • starts at the anterior sulcus of the parotid gland
  • crosses the masseter
  • pierces the buccinator
  • opens by the maxillary 2nd molar
  • can be an accessory gland
47
Q

What are the 3 structures associated with the parotid duct ?

A
  • facial nerve
  • retromandibular vein
  • external carotid artery
48
Q

Describe the innervation of the parotid gland

A
  • the facial nerve is embedded in the parotid gland but it doesn’t innervation it

Sensory innervation -
- auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3)
- greater auricular nerve (cervical plexus)

Parasympathetic innervation -
- presynaptic from the lesser petrosal nerve
- postsynaptic from the auriculotemporal nerve

49
Q

Why is the facial artery slightly wiggly ?

A

Because it is found on bone which can move is it gives the artery stretch so it doesn’t snap

50
Q

Why is the facial artery pulsated ?

A

It is a superficial artery and it is found over a bone so it doesn’t push down when pressed

51
Q

Which artery does the facial artery anastomose with ?

A

It anastomoses with terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery

52
Q

Summarise the danger triangle of the face

A

It is a triangle on the face including the nose and upper lip
- this area of the face contains emissary veins meaning if any spots in this area get infected then the infection will spread to the brain

53
Q

What are emissary veins ?

A

Emissary veins are veins which connect intercranial and extracranial veins

54
Q

What are the advantages of emissary veins ?

A

They can have a cooling effect on the brain

55
Q

What are the disadvantages of emissary veins ?

A

They don’t have any valves so infection can reach the cavernous sinus in the skull

56
Q

What is the function of the orbicularis oculi ?

A

closes the eyelids gently

57
Q

What is the function of the orbicularis oris ?

A

closes the lips or protrudes the lips

58
Q

What is the function of the zygomaticus major ?

A

draws the corners of the mouth upwards and laterally

59
Q

What is the nerve supply of the buccintor muscle ?

A

facial nerve

60
Q

Which nerve innervates the skin over the parotid gland ?

A

Auricular temporal nerve - branch of V3

61
Q

Give an extra function of the facial nerve

A

special sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Anatomy (10 decks)

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