Cardiorespiratory Flashcards
What does the mediastinum contain ?
- heart and pericardium
- trachea
- oesophagus
- vagus nerves
- lymphatics
- great vessels
What is the pericardium ?
The protective covering of the heart
What are the different layers of the pericardium ?
The superficial layer is fibrous pericardium
The deep layer is serous pericardium and this is further split into parietal and visceral layers
The innermost layer is visceral, followed by parietal and then fibrous
Which intercostal space lies immediately inferolateral to the sternal angle ?
2nd intercostal space
What structure sits between two adjacent thoracic vertebrae ?
Intervertebral disk
At what vertebral level does the trachea begin ?
C3
At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right bronchi ?
T4 - T5
How many lobes does each lung have ?
Left - 2
Right - 3
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm ?
Phrenic nerve
What is the name given to the space between the 2 serous layers ?
Pericardial cavity
What are the features of typical ribs ?
• Head
• Neck
• Tubercle (beneath the neck)
• Angle
• Body (shaft)
• 2 facets
In which direction to the external intercostal muscles run ?
The fibres run outwards to inwards and upwards to downwards (inferiomedial)
In which direction do the internal intercostal muscles run ?
The fibres run inwards to outwards and downwards to upwards
Where is the transversus thoracis found ?
At the back of the sternum
What are the 2 internal thoracic vessels and where do they drain ?
Internal thoracic artery and internal thoracic vein
They drain into subclavian vessels
What are the 3 hiatus ?
- Aortic hiatus
- Oesophageal hiatus
- Caval hiatus
Where is the aortic hiatus located ?
T12
Where is the oesophageal hiatus located ?
T10
Where is the caval hiatus located ?
T8
Where does the heart sit ?
Cardiac notch of left lung
Where is the transverse thoracic plane located ?
Between the sternal angle and T4/T5
Summarise the structure of the heart
It has 4 chambers : left and right atria and left and right ventricles
It has 4 valves : pulmonary and aortic valves at ventricular outflow and tricuspid and bicuspid valves at atria-ventricular outflow
What is another name for the bicuspid valve and why is it called the bicuspid valve ?
The mitral valve
It has 2 cusps
What does the superior mediastinum contain ?
- the great vessels
- vagus nerves
- trachea
- lymphatics
- oesophagus
What are the brachiocephalic veins ?
They are tributaries of the superior vena cava
What are the tributaries of the brachiocephalic veins ?
The internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein
What does the aortic arch branch into ?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
(Left to right)
What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk ?
The right subclavian artery
Right common carotid artery
What does the posterior mediastinum contain ?
- thoracic aorta
- thoracic duct
- oesophagus
- azygos and hemiazygos veins
Where does the great cardiac vein start ?
It starts in the anterior sulcus
How many papillary muscles are there ?
5
What are the 3 types of ribs ?
1) vertebrosternal - true ribs
2) vertebrochondral - false ribs
3) vertebral - floating ribs (no anterior attachments)
What are the root values of the phrenic nerve ?
C3, C4 and C5
What is the pleural cavity ?
The space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
What is the diaphragm ?
It is a musculotendinous sheet
Describe the features of the left lung
- 2 lobes - superior and inferior lobe
- separated by an oblique fissure
- cardiac notch in superior lobe
- lingula in superior lobe
Describe the features of the right lung
- 3 lobes - superior, middle and inferior
- superior and middle separated by horizontal fissure
- middle and inferior separated by oblique fissure
What is the splitting point of the trachea known as ?
The carina
What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum ?
- superior thoracic aperture
- transverse thoracic plane
What are the boundaries of the inferior mediastinum ?
- transverse thoracic plane
- diaphragm
What is the middle mediastinum ?
The heart
Where are the pectinate muscles found ?
They are found on the inner wall of the right and left atria
What is the crista terminalis ?
Smooth muscle located in the right atrium of the heart
What are the chordae tendineae ?
Strong connections between the valves and papillary muscle
(Heart strings)
What is the trabeculae carneae ?
Found on the inner surface of the right and left ventricles
What is the fossa ovalis ?
Hole in the heart - found in left atrium
