Introduction of mental health problems Flashcards
In what way is the burden of disease expressed? Explain how it is interpreted.
Disability adjusted life years (DALYs).
- the amount of ‘health loss’ in a population caused by illness, disability, or early death.
- 0 = perfect health
- 1 = 1 year of ‘healthy’ life lost
- It’s years life lost + years lost due to disability.
Why is the mental health burden so high?
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Recurrence rates are high.
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In which income countries is the mental health burden higher? Why?
In higher income countries and countries with high income inequality.
Because: Empirical evidence from LMIC is scarce and based on population surveys.
What factors (other disorders) are not included that cause underestimation of the burden of mental health disorders?
- People with personality disorders
- Indirect contributions of mental health disorders to mortality.
- Suicide and self-harm
- Overlap with other (neurological) disorders
- Chronic pain (MUS)
What would the effects be of 1) evidence based treatments and 2) optimal coverage plus evidence based treatment, on aversion of years lost to disability?
It could lead to higher percentages averting life years lost. This is higher in optimal coverage plus EB treatment.
What is the effect of prevention on mental health problems?
A 11-27% reduction of the burden of disease.
It also offers new and cost effective options.
What are the classifications of prevention? Explain what they mean and what the problems of them are.
Traditional medicine
- Primary prevention: prevent onset of a disorder.
- Secondary prevention: early identification.
- Tertiary prevention: prevent recurrence, relapse, or worsening.
Mental health:
- Universal: targeting the whole population
- Selective: targeting subgroups that are at risk
- Indicated: targeting people in early stages who experience symptoms.
Problems:
- Indicated prevention is hard to distinguish from selective prevention and early treatment.
- Prevention and continuing care.
What is health promotion?
Promotion of positive health by increasing well being, competence, resilience, and creating supportive living conditions and environments.
What is prevention?
Reduction of incidence, prevalence, recurrence of disorder.
What are challenges of prevention?
- Overlap between the types
- Expenses
- Stigma
- People often experiences less urgency
- Low uptake of preventive interventions
- Efforts may be a waste of time for some people
- It is often unknown who will develop a disorder
- Complexity: not sure if a disorder will develop.
What is the diathesis-stress model? What do the terms mean and what does the model look like?
Diathesis: predisposition or vulnerability to a disorder
Stress: the occurrence of a severe environmental or life event.
Both are necessary for a disorder to develop.
The model has on the Y-axis the amount of stress low to high, the X-axis is the diathesis low to high. Connected with a .
What are risk factors for mental health disorders?
- Stressful environmental or life events
- Temperamental and personality traits
- Neurobiological factors
- Cognitive processes and biases.
- Genetic make-up
These can have (in)direct effects on development of psychopathology.
What are protective factors of psychopathology?
- Feelings of control
- Good interpersonal relationships
- Social support
- A high self-esteem
- A good health.
How do people who are at risk for psychopathology get identified?
Screening:
- identify a subpopulation in which it is most likely to occur
- select relevant subset of subpopulation to receive a unique intervention.
Predictive models.
