Introduction & Gross anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
what makes up the Urinary system?
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
2
Q
Why urinary system is important?
- Removes _______ waste from blood by _______ and _________
- Regulates plasma ______ and _____ _________ (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
- Help to stabilize the __
- ____________ of small molecules (amino acids. Glucose, and peptides)
- Produces ___________ (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)
A
Why urinary system is important?
- Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
- Regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
- Help to stabilize the PH
- Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids. Glucose, and peptides)
- Produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)
3
Q
are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
A
retroperitoneal
They are only partially peritonised
4
Q
what level are the kidneys found?
A
at the level of T12-L3
5
Q
what kidney is lower?
A
Right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney
6
Q
a
A
right and left suprarenal gland
7
Q
b
A
liver
8
Q
c
A
duodenum
9
Q
d
A
colon
10
Q
e
A
small intestine
11
Q
f
A
pancreas
12
Q
g
A
spleen
13
Q
h
A
stomach
14
Q
i
A
ureter
15
Q
summary showing what previous flashcards showed
A
16
Q
image showing posterior relations to the kidney
A
17
Q
would kidney surgary be odne form the anterior or posterior side?
A
posterior
18
Q
Kidneys: capsule and fascia:
a
A
kidney
19
Q
b
A
renal capsule
20
Q
c
A
perirenal fat
21
Q
d
A
renal fascia
22
Q
e
A
pararenal fat
23
Q
Kidney: internal structure:
a
A
Medulla
24
Q
Kidney: internal structure:
b
A
Pyramid (10-18)
25
Kidney: internal structure:
c
Papilla
The renal papilla is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney
tip of the pyramid
26
Kidney: internal structure:
d
Minor calyx
27
Kidney: internal structure:
e
Major calyx
28
Kidney: internal structure:
f
Pelvis
29
Kidney: internal structure:
g
Ureter
30
what are the constirctions of the ureter?
31
what are the arteries and veins of the ureter?
Arteries: Renal, ovarian/testicular, abdominal aorta
Veins: Drain into renal and ovarian/testicular veins
32
Kidnay: blood vessels
what is the order of blood vessles form anterior to posterior in the kidney hilum?
Clue to remember structural relationship of renal hilum from anterior to posterior = Vein, artery and pelvis (VAP)
33
what are the different segments of the kidney?
34
what are the renal arteries?
• Renal artery (1/each side): branch of abdominal aorta:
- **Segmental** branches (x5)
- **Interlobar**
- **Arcuate** branches pass around the circumference
- **Interlobular** branches which ultimately supply each nephron
- Essentially non-anastomosing
35
where do renal veins drain?
• Renal veins (1/each side): drains into the inferior vena cava
36
what is the lymphatic drianage of the kidney?
Lateral aortic lymph nodes
37
what is the nerve supply of the kidney?
• Renal plexus: sympathetic: T10-L1, Sensory afferent: T11-L2
38
what is the Median umbilical ligament a remnant of?
Embryonic Urachus
39
* Two medial umbilical folds = Occluded umbilical artery
* Two lateral umbilical folds = Inferior epigastric vessels
40
how does Peritonisation of the bladdder vary in males and females?
41
what is the msucle fo the bladder called and its function?
The detrusor muscle is smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder. The detrusor muscle remains relaxed to allow the bladder to store urine, and contracts during urination to release urine
42
pictures showing variation of the urethra in males and females:
female
male
43
name the 4 parts of the male urethra
44
a
Involuntary
45
b
Voluntary
46
c
Widest
47
d
Narrowest
48
e
Longest
49
what urinary sphincter is higher up?
the involuntary one, near the neck of the bladder
50
what are the arteries of the urinary bladder?
Branches of the internal iliac artery
51
what are the veins of the urinary bladder?
Drains into the internal iliac veins
52
what are the lymphatics of the urinary bladder?
External iliac lymph nodes: suprapubic part
Internal iliac lymph nodes: Infrapubic part
53
what are the nerves of the urinary bladder?
Sympathetic:T11-L2 (constrict internal urethral sphincter).
Parasympathetic: S2-S4 (motor to detrusor muscle).
Afferent/sensory: pain/distention of bladder goes via mainly via parasympathetic fibres.
Somatic: pudendal nerve (external urethral sphincter) - Voluntary control by pudendal nerve
54
voluntary control of the bladder is done by what?
Voluntary control by pudendal nerve
55
describe the anatomy of the Prostatic urethra?
Begins as a continuation of the bladder neck and passes through the prostate gland. Receives the ejaculatory ducts (containing spermatozoa from the testes and seminal fluid from the seminal vesicle glands) and the prostatic ducts (containing alkaline fluid)
It is the widest and most dilatable portion of the urethra
56
Which nerve constricts detrusor muscle during micturition (the action of urinating)?
A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Parasympathetic nerve
C) Sensory nerve
D) Somatic/pudendal nerve
B
smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder. The detrusor muscle remains relaxed to allow the bladder to store urine, and contracts during urination to release urine
57
Which nerve constricts internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?
A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Parasympathetic nerve
C) Visceral sensory nerve
D) Somatic/pudendal nerve
A
58
Which is the narrowest part of the urethra in male?
A) Pre-prostatic
B) Prostatic
C) Membranous
D) spongy
C
59
Transpyloric plane passes through which vertebral level?
A) T11
B) T12
C) L1
D) L2
C
60
what is the functioning unit of the kidney?
nephron
61
what makes up the nephron?
Nephron = Renal corpuscles + renal tubules
62
what makes up renal corpuscles?
Renal corpuscles = Glomerulus + bowmen’s capsule
63
uriniferous tubule is made up from what?
= Nephron + collecting duct
64
the nephron
Purified blood going back via renal veins
Thick segment on each side of the loop of Henle
When urine is formed, it is collected in the collecting duct
65
images showing histology of the kidney
how do you differentiate between the cortex and medulla?
Glomerulus in the cortex – that’s how you differentiate between the cortex and medulla
66
what is shown here?
kidney: cortex
67
what is seen on the histology of the cortex of the kidney
* Renal corpuscles
* Proximal convoluted tubules (cuboidal+ microvilli)
* Distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
* Collecting tubule (cuboidal)
68
what is shwon here?
kidney: medulla
69
what is seen on the histolgoy of the medulla of the kidney?
* Proximal convoluted tubules
* Distal convoluted tubules
* Loop of Henle (thin segment=squamous epithelium)
* Collecting tubule
70
what is shown here?
ureter
71
what can be seen on the histology of the ureter?
* Transitional epithelium
* Star shaped lumen
* Inner longitudinal smooth muscle (SM)
* Outer circular SM
72
what is shown here?
bladder
73
what is seen on the histology of the bladder
* Transitional epithelium
* Inner longitudinal (IL) smooth muscle (SM)
* Middle circular(MC) SM
* Outer longitudinal (OL) SM
74
Why studying urinary system? (improtant problems that may occur)
* Urinary tract infection (UTI)
* Glomerulonephritis
* Kidney stone/renal calculi
* Kidney failure and dialysis
* Urinary incontinence: common after childbirth/ old age/in female
75
what are important markers of kidney disease?
High protein (albumin) level (urine)/proteinuria
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
(increased level of serum creatinine/urea)
76
what are different developemtn abnormalities that may occur with the kidneys?
