Introduction/Back Flashcards
What 2 parts of a neuron receive signals?
Dendrites (primarily) and Cell Bodies
What part of the neuron transmits a signal?
Axon
The CNS consists of the
Brain and Spinal Cord
The PNS consists of the
Cranial (coming off the brainstem) and Spinal (at every vertebral level) Nerves
There are ___ cervical nerves
8
There are ___ thoracic nerves
12
There are ___ lumbar nerves
5
There are ___ sacral nerves
5
There is ____ coccygeal nerve
1
Motor nerves are also called ___ and travel from the CNS to the periphery
Efferent
Sensory nerves are also called ___ and travel from the periphery to the CNS
Afferent
The 5 special senses (somatic) are:
Taste, Sight, Hearing, Smell, and Balance
The motor division is divided into what two categories?
1) Somatic: conduct impulses to skeletal muscle (for proprioception and cutaneous)
2) Autonomic: conduct impulses to cardiac and smooth muscles, and glands (divides into sym and parasympathetic branches)
A nerve is ____; it is found in the ____
A bundle of axons transmitting action potentials in both directions; PNS
A plexus is ____; it is found in the ____
A network of nerve fibers; PNS
A ganglion is ____; it is found in the ____
A collection of cell bodies of neurons; PNS
A nuclei is _____; it is found in the ____
A collection of cell bodies in the CNS
The ____ and _____ come off the gray matter of the spinal cord as precursors to a spinal nerve
Dorsal root and Ventral root
The dorsal root is
Sensory
The ventral root is
Motor
The dorsal and ventral roots come together to form a
Spinal Nerve
The dorsal horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of ____
Somatic Sensory neurons
The ventral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of ____
Somatic Motor neurons
The lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of ____ and _____
Visceral Sensory neurons (dorsal portion of lateral horn) AND Visceral Motor neurons (ventral portion of lateral horn)
The spinal nerves divide into the ____ and ____
Anterior and Posterior rami
The anterior rami supplies:
the anterior and lateral portions of the body
The posterior rami supplies:
the posterior portions of the body
The cervical spinal nerves exit ____ the vertebrae of the same number
ABOVE
The thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves exit ____ the vertebrae of the same number
BELOW
S1-S4 exit ___ the vertebrae of the same number
BELOW
S5 and Co1 exit through the ____
Sacral hiatus
The muscles innervated by one spinal nerve are known as a
Myotome
The area of skin innervated by one spinal nerve
Dermatome
The cutaneous branches of the posterior rami are mostly
Sensory
The posterior rami of C1 is called ___; it provides motor innervation to ___
Suboccipital nerve (C1); Obliquus capitis superior, Obliquus capitis inferior, Rectus capitis posterior major, and Rectus capitis posterior minor
The posterior rami of C2 is called ____; it senses cutaneous sensory from ___
Greater occipital nerve (C2); the back of the head
The posterior rami of C3 is called ___; it senses cutaneous sensory from ___
Lesser occipital nerve (C3); the back of the head
Name the layers of the skin superficial to deep
Epidermis (epithelial and keratinized)/ Dermis (CT)/ Subcutaneous/Superficial Fascia (connects dermis to muscle, contains fat)/ Deep Fascia (CT)/ Muscle
Fibrous bands that attach the dermis to the deep fascia
Skin ligaments
Connective tissue that covers muscles and organs, lines body cavities and bursa
Fascia
The superficial muscles of the back are (5):
Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, and Levator scapulae
The embryonic skeleton is composed of
Hyaline cartilage
There are two types of bone development:
Intramembranous and Endochondral
In this development, the mesenchyme directly ossifies into bone
Intramembranous
In this development, the mesenchyme forms a cartilaginous model of bone and the cartilage is replaced by bones during development
Endochondral
The cranial bones and the clavicle form by
Intramembranous ossification
The long bones of the limbs form by
Endochondral ossification
Primary ossification centers appear in the ___; secondary ossification centers appear in ________
embryo/fetus; childhood/adolescence
The primary ossification center is also called the
Diaphysis
The secondary ossification center is known as the
Epiphysis
Areas of stress in the body are likely to have extra bone developments known as
Supernumerary bones (in the skull near sutures, in horse riders thighs)
Kyphosis occurs in the ___ and ___ regions
thoracic and sacral
Lordosis occurs in the ____ and ____
cervical and lumbar
The vertebral body consists of the ____ (fibrocartilage in rings) and the ____ (gelatinous center)
Annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
A weakness in the annulus fibrosis resulting in the nucleus pulposus pushing out is called
herniated disk
A herniated disk is more likely to happen where?
In the posterio-lateral regions
The joints of the vertebral bodies are:
symphyses
Movements at the vertebral body (5):
Flexion, Extension, Lateral flexion, Rotation, and Circumduction
The anterior portion of the vertebral column is covered by the ____, which resists hyperextension
Anterior longitudinal ligament
The posterior space within the vertebral canal is covered by the _____, which resists hyperflexion as well as helps prevent disk herniation
Posterior longitudinal ligament
The joints between the articulating facets of the vertebrae are ___joints
Zygapophyseal joints–plane synovial joints (the gliding at these joints is what allows the movements of the vertebral column)
There are primary ossification centers in all vertebrae in the ___ and both ____
Centrum of the vertebral body; neural arches
The secondary ossification centers in thoracic vertebrae are at the ____ and ____, 2 ______, and the 1 ____:
superior and inferior anular epiphyses (located at the annulas fibrosis so that vertebrae can grow in height), 2 transverse processes, and 1 spinous process (these two can grow in length)
What travels through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae?
Vertebral artery and vein
Why is there no primary center for ossification in the centrum of the atlas?
There is no centrum in the atlas so that the atlas is able to fuse with the axis at the dens–to allow rotation of the head
The primary ossification centers for the atlas are:
The 2 neural arches
The secondary ossification centers for the atlas are:
The 2 transverse processes and the 1 posterior arch
What type of joint is at the Atlanto-Occipital joint?
Condyloid synovial joint
The movement at the Atlanto-Occcipital joint includes (4) movements, but NOT what 1?
Allows: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and circumduction
NO rotation
What are the primary ossification centers of the Axis?
The 2 neural arches and the 2 centrums
What are the 2 centrums of the Axis?
The first centrum becomes the dens, the second is the vertebral body of C2
What are the secondary ossification centers of the Axis?
2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process, and 4 anular epiphyses (1 superior to centrum 1, two between the two centra, and one inferior to centrum 2)
The two lateral joints of the Atlanto-axial joints are
zygopophyseal joints - plane synovial joints (at the inf. articulating facets of the atlas and the sup. articulating facets of the axis) *allows gliding so extension, flexion, lateral flexion, and circumduction are possible
The median Atlanto-axial joint is a
Pivot synovial joint- (between the dens of the axis and the anterior arch of the atlas) *allows gliding so ROTATION is possible
The transverse ligament of the atlas along with the superior (from the transverse ligament to the occipital bone) and inferior longitudinal bands (from the transverse ligament to the body of C2) form the
Cruciate ligament
The posterior longitudinal ligament passes superiorly through the foramen magnum and attaches to the floor of the occipital bone as the
Tectorial membrane
The ligaments that extend from the sides of the dens of the axis to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum are the
Alar ligaments
A cervical rib, a rib developing from the costal elements of a cervical vertebrae, can create a clinical problem because of what?
Compression of the subclavian artery or influence on the brachial plexus
The secondary ossification centers of cervical vertebrae are at:
The 2 transverse processes, the 1 spinous process, and the 2 anular epiphyses
Where are the 3 costal facets of thoracic vertebrae found?
There are 2 on each side of the vertebral body (inferior and superior costal facets) as well as one on each transverse process (transverse costal facet)
There are two sets of extra processes on only lumbar vertebrae-they are:
The mammillary processes Iocated posteriorly to the articular facets) and the accessory processes (inferior processes off of the medial portion of the transverse processes)
The primary ossification centers on the lumbar vertebrae are at:
The 2 neural arches and 1 centrum
The secondary ossification centers on the lumbar vertebrae are at:
The 2 mammillary processes, 1 spinous process, and 2 anular epiphyses
If a costal element does not enlarge into a rib it becomes
part of the transverse process
What is located in the sacral canal of the embryo?
Spinal cord, roots, vessels
What is located in the sacral canal of an adult?
Dorsal and Ventral roots—cauda equina
The costal elements of the sacrum form the
lateral mass of the sacrum
What makes up the median sacral crest?
The fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
What make up the intermediate sacral crests?
The fused articular processes of the sacral vertebrae
What make up the lateral sacral crests?
The fused transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae
What are the sacral and coccygeal cornua?
Essentially the inferior articular process of the sacrum and the superior articular process of the coccyx
The primary ossification centers of the sacrum are at
The centrum and 2 neural arches of each sacral vertebrae (5 centrums and 10 neural arches)
The secondary ossification centers of the sacrum are at
The 10 anular epiphyses (S1-S5), 3-4 spinous processes (S1-S3, maybe S4), 6-10 transverse processes (S3-S5, sometimes S1 and S2), and 2 mammillary processes at superior articular process of S1
Do the intervertebral discs of the sacrum ossify?
Typically they do not unless you are very old–normally there are still remnants of the discs
The primary ossification centers for the coccyx are at
The centrum for each coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4)
The secondary ossification centers for the coccyx are at
The 2 neural arches for Co1 and the 2 transverse processes of Co1
The nuchal ligament attaches at (3)
The external occipital protuberance, the external occipital crest, and the tips of the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
The nuchal ligament becomes the supraspinous ligament at C7; it attaches at
The spinous processes of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae (median sacral crest)
What are the attachments of the intertransverse ligaments?
the surfaces of the the transverse processes of adjoining vertebrae
What are the attachments of the interspinous ligaments?
The surfaces of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Because the sacral vertebrae are fused, the sacrum DOES NOT have what 2 accessory ligaments?
Intertransverse or Interspinous
What are the attachments of the ligamentum flavum?
The surfaces of the lamina of adjacent vertebrae
