Introduction and definitions 5-6Q Flashcards
Fill in the blanks: sexual feelings are ______ and impacted by _______
sexual feelings are natural and impacted by hormones
Fill in the blanks: sexual expression is a _______ behaviour
sexual expression is a learned behaviour
Fill in the blanks: sex is _____ part of ______
sex is only a part of sexuality
What does sexuality affect?
quality of life and health
Fill in the blanks: sexuality involves both _____ and ______
sexuality involved both competence and relationships
Sexual competence is _________
being good at sex
What can affect an individuals ability to solve sexual concerns? (4)
personal experience, biases, prejudices and over reactions to sexual info (stigma +++)
What is the definition of sex?
genetic and physical characteristics that differentiate males and females
what is the definition of gender
psychosocial characteristics that differentiate masculinity and femininity
what is the definition of sexuality
the physical, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual aspects of an individual that make up his or her unique being
whole person including sexual thoughts, experiences, learnings, ideas, values and imaginings
Fill in the blanks: sexuality is mostly a ______ phenomena and has ______, emotional and ______ aspects
sexuality is mostly a learned phenomena and has physical, emotional and spiritual aspects
What are the 8 aspects of sexuality and which is the most important?
- personality (personal choice)
- self image
- gender (role and orientation)
- socialization (relationships)
- physical expression
- body image
- communication (verbal and non verbal)
- beliefs and values (most important)
What 5 aspects did DAILEY describe?
1984
sensuality, intimacy, sexual identity, reproduction and sexualization
What is sensuality?
The need and ability to be aware of and accepting of our own bodies
What are the 6 aspects of sensuality?
- A&P
- sexual response
- body image
- satisfaction of skin hunger
- attraction template (arousal kickstart)
- fantasy (most sexuality is in the mind)
What is intimacy?
The need and ability to experience emotional closeness to another human being
What are the 5 aspects of reciprocal intimacy?
caring, sharing, risk taking, vulnerability, self disclosure
Who can you be intimate with?
Anyone
What is sexual intimacy?
ability to give feedback and be heard in a sexual relationship
What is sexual identity?
the continual process of discovering who we are in terms of our sexuality: one part of total identity
What does sexual identity include? (7)
- gender roles
- orientation
- self esteem
- confidence level
- relationships (friends or family)
- roles as child and adult
- perception of self as male or female or whatever
What is reproduction in relation to sexuality?
our values, attitudes and behaviours related to reproduction
what are the 6 aspects of reproduction in relation to sexuality?
- reproductive biases: values and attitudes
- renewal of life: morality issues
- A&P
- lifestyles
- contraception and fertility issues
- STIs (including AIDS)
What is the current societal bias regarding reproduction?
young, attractive hetero married couples are the only people that should have kids
What is sexualization?
use of sexuality to influence, control or manipulate other
What are the 5 aspects of sexualization?
- style of dress, appearance, body language
- advertising
- media
- harassment and/or sexual assault
- paraphilia
Fill in the blanks: the degree of overlap of the 5 aspects of sexualization represent the _____ of integration of the individual’s ______ _______
the degree of overlap of the 5 aspects of sexualization represent the degree of integration of the individual’s SEXUAL BEINGNESS
What is the definition of values?
qualities in life that are deemed important or unimportant, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
what is the definition of moral values?
relate to our conduct with and treatment of other people, more than just right vs wrong
what is the definition of sexual moral values?
relates to right and wrong of sexual conduct and when/how sexuality should be expressed
Fill in the blanks: sexual ethics govern what _____ considers _____ sexual _______, these may have a basis in ______ and the laws are based on the ________ _______
sexual ethics govern what society considers unacceptable sexual behaviours, these may have a basis in religion and the laws are based on the greater good
Fill in the blanks: historically moral and ethical behaviours were tied to the _______ and ______
historically moral and ethical behaviours were tied to the supernatural and religion
What are the 3 pre historic perspectives listed?
- stone age
- agrarian society
- 9000 BC
What is the stone age perspective?
evidence that female body was revered for reproductive abilities
What is the agrarian society perspective?
aware of male role in reproduction, phallic worship began, penis is a symbol of fertility and power
what is the 9000 BC perspective?
homosexuality, women property of husbands, incest = taboo
What was the ancient hebrew perspective?
- positive of marital reproductive sex
- disapproved of homosexuality
- women property of husbands
- male dominant
What was the ancient greeks perspective
500-300 BC
- valued family life
- male sexual roles varied (pederasty: male and boy)
- admired male bodies
- admired slim, sensual women
- love of athletic bodies
- prostitution flourished
- viewed men and women as bisexual
- male dominance
What was the perspective of ancient romans?
- sexual excesses in upper classes
- our terminology has latin roots
- male-male threat to family which was strength of society
- women more involved socially but still property
What was the early christians perspective?
- sex= distraction from god
- linked to original sin
- marital sex accepted but not passion
- any non procreative behaviour is disapproved
Islamic perspective?
- valued family and pleasure in marital sex
- punished pre-marital sex (marriage = social not religious)
- double social and sexual standards for genders
Indian perspective?
- ancient hindus = erotic
- kama sutra code of sexual conduct (orgasm = transcend to higher plain)
- sex = religious duty
- more restrictive after 1000 century?
Chinese perspective?
- sexuality linked to spirituality (a sacred duty)
- first manual art of love making
- wasteful to spill seed
- women kept to domestic role
Middle age perspective?
western hx 1-15th century
- RC church = strong influence
- crusaders influenced changed from women as sinful (Eve) to women as revered (virgin Mary)
- upper class = courting, chivalry and romance
Protestant reformation
16th century
- luther and Calvin split from RC church
- priests could marry
- pleasurable married sex
- non marital sex = disapproved
- women mostly restricted to home until 19 century
Victorian period perspective
1830-1900
- sexually repressive on surface
- furniture legs covered
- behaviours varied
- prostitution flourished but “proper” women believed no interested
- “sexual anaesthesia” = men’s “vital fluids” limited in amount
- graham crackers = suppress urges
- breakfast cereal invented to stop masturbation
Early 20th century perspective?
- believed women didnt desire sex until 1950s
- double standards
- sex limited in media
When was the sexual revolution?
mid 60s to 70s
What influenced the sexual revolution?
science, politics, social (fashion, media, music) and economics all a part of change
What happened in the late 20th century?
- reverse pendulum swing to more conservative attitudes
- open discussion about sexuality, more sexually active teens, AIDs, BC access, liberation of women, sex education
What is the biological perspective on sexuality?
- humans biologically endowed with anatomical structures and physiological capabilities that make sex possible and pleasurable
- study is focused on mechanism of reproduction
- understanding of A&P has increased understanding of sexuality and sexual dysfunction
What are some similarities between human and non human sexual behaviours?
- same sex interaction
- oral-genital contact
What are the 3 major differences between humans and non humans?
Humans are
- higher mammals
- less instinct driven
- dissension regarding role of genes and hormones in male/females, sexual/social behaviours
What are the 2 sociological and anthropological perspectives?
- cross cultural
2. sociocultural
what is the cross cultural perspective?
- sexuality is a learned behaviour particular to culture
What are the universal things in the cross cultural perspective?
kissing?, increased rate of intercourse for young adults, incest taboo
What is the sociocultural perspective?
study of sexual behaviours in a given society
What are the 2 psychological perspectives?
- psychoanalytic theory (freud)
2. learning theory (behaviourists: watson and skinner)
Who invented the psychoanalytic theory?
Freud
Who invented learning theory?
watson and skinner
What is psychoanalytic theory?
sexual instinct (identity) vs reason (ego)
What does psychoanalytic theory include?
- defense mechanisms
- developmental stages
- psychoanalysis
What is learning theory?
reward and punishment determine behaviour
what is social learning theory/
effects of cognitive activity- anticipating, planning, etc.. as well as learning by observation (modeling)
Who are the 5 founders of research?
- Havelock Ellis (1859-1939)
- Richard von Krafft-Ebbing (1840-1902)
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
- Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)
- William Master and Virginia Johnson (1960s)
Which founders of research are positive?
- Ellis
- Freud
- Kinsey
- Masters and Johnson
Which founders of research are negative?
Krafft-Ebbing
Describe Ellis?
english physician, psychology of sex, female sexual desires and homosexuality are normal
Describe Krafft-Ebbing?
German psychiatrist, 200 case hx of sexual deviance (psychopathia sexualis)
- viewed deviances are mental illnesses requiring tx
Describe Freud?
Austrian physician, theory of personality based on sex drive as our principle motivating force
Describe Kinsey?
US zoologist who conducted the first comprehensive survey (12000 subjects)
- sexual behaviour in males 1948
- sexual behaviour in females 1953
Describe Masters and Johnson?
- lab observations in ~ 700 subjects
- human sexual response 1966
- homosexuality in perspective 1979
- 4 stage sexual response described
What are the 7 modern north american sex research surveys?
- Edward Laumann et. al. national health and social life survey 1990s
- morton hunt, playboy foundation survey 1970s
- Shere Hite’s report 1976 on females and 1981 on males
- Kinsey institute report on gays (1978 and 1981)
- samuel and cynthia janus report 1933
- multiple magazine surveys completed by readers
- internet based info has increased impact
Describe the Edward Laumann et al national health and social life survey?
- most reliable since kinsey
- USA 1990s
- 3432 subjects interviewed
- included variety of ethnic groups but had limitations regarding asian, native and jewish
Describe the Morton Hunt playboy foundation survey?
- 1970s
- 2000 + random from phone books in 24 cities
Describe Shere Hite’s report
- 1976 3000 females
- 1981 7000 males
- questionnaires mailed out to specific groups
- return rate of 3-6%
Describe the Kinsey institute reports on gays?
- 1978 and 1981
- over 900 openly gay subjects from san fran
Describe the Samuel and Cynthia Jones report?
- 1933
- written questionnaires- 2500 voluntary subjects
Describe the U of A student sexual behaviour survey?
- 1995-1997
- part of a national survey (sexuality behaviour of Canadian youth)
What was the purpose of the u of a sexual behaviour survey?
to determine student’s sexual attitudes and STI knowledge (especially HIV/AIDs)
Who were the respondents of the u of a sexual behaviour survey?
2300 students from selected u of a classes were invited (48% completed the survey)
U of A and USA study findings? (6)
- equal relationship between sexual activity and alcohol use
- increased levels of alcohol use = more partners
- more likely to use non-medical substances
- not use condom
- in males increased levels of alcohol use = decreased use of condoms
- males with liberal attitudes = more partners
