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Human Sexuality > conception and pregnancy 11-12Q > Flashcards

conception and pregnancy 11-12Q Flashcards

1
Q

What are some male fertility issues?

A
  1. low sperm count / irregularities / poor motility
  2. chronic conditions- diabetes, SCI, etc..
  3. STIs and other infections
  4. trauma to testes
  5. autoimmune response- antibodies that affect sperm
  6. hormones (pituitary imbalances and/or thyroid problems)
  7. toxins, tabacco, drugs, alcohol
  8. increased temperature
  9. hernia repair
  10. undescended testes
  11. mumps after puberty
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2
Q

What are female fertility issues?

A
  1. irregular ovulation
  2. obstruction or malformation of the reproductive tract (STI, etc)
  3. endometriosis
  4. toxins, tobacco, drugs, alcohol
  5. chronic conditions- diabetes, SCI, etc..
  6. hormones (pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid issues)
  7. infections
  8. polycystic ovarian syndrome
  9. body weight, eating disorders, excessive exercise
  10. abnormal PAP smears
  11. multiple pregnancy losses
  12. age
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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of menstruation?

A
  1. proliferation
  2. ovulatory
  3. secretory (luteal)
  4. menstrual
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4
Q

When does the menstrual cycle end?

A

with the period

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5
Q

When does the proliferation phase begin?

A

with end of period

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6
Q

How long does the proliferation phase last?

A

9-10 days

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7
Q

What develops during the proliferation phase?

A 
the endometrium
(this is called proliferation)
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8
Q

What is another name for the proliferation phase? Why?

A

follicular phase bc ovarian follicles mature

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9
Q

What hormone levels rise in proliferation phase?

A

estrogen

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10
Q

What develops during the proliferation phase?

A

the ovum

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11
Q

What do the ovaries prepare for in the proliferation phase?

A

ovulation

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12
Q

What happens do the graafin follicle in the ovulatory phase?

A

it ruptures and releases a mature ovum

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13
Q

What happens to the ripening follicle that is not the graafin follicle during the ovulatory phase?

A

it degenerates and is reabsorbed

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14
Q

How are fraternal twins created?

A

when 2 ovum are released in the ovulatory phase

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15
Q

When- during the ovulatory phase- is ovulation set in motion?

A

when estrogen levels reach critical levels

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16
Q

What happens to the basal body temperature at ovulation? On the day following?

A

dips slightly

rises by 0.5 C

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17
Q

How long is the secretory (luteal) phase?

A

~15 days

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18
Q

What does the graafin follicle become during the secretory (luteal) phase?

A

the corpus luteum

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19
Q

When do estrogen and progesterone levels peak? What does this cause?

A

around the 20/21 day

causes the glands in the endometrium to secrete nutrients that would sustain a fertilized ovum

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20
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization did not occur?

A

it decomposes and hormone levels fall

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21
Q

What happens to endometrium during the secretory (luteal) phase?

A

secretion and blood supply increase due to the follicle’s manufacture of progesterone

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22
Q

how long does the menstrual phase last?

A

~ 5 days

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23
Q

what happens in the menstrual phase?

A

uterine lining (endometrium) is sloughed off into flow, caused by drop in estrogen and progesterone levels

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24
Q

What happens during the first 1-6 days of the fertility cycle?

A

menstruation

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25
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the first 1-6 days of the fertility cycle?

A

relatively

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26
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the days 7-9 of the fertility cycle?

A

may remain viable until ovulation

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27
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the day 9 of the fertility cycle?

A

last relatively safe day

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28
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the days 10-13 of the fertility cycle?

A

no

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29
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the day 14 of the fertility cycle?

A

no this is ovulation day

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30
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the days 15-16 of the fertility cycle?

A

no

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31
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the days 17-18 of the fertility cycle?

A

ovum may remain viable

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32
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the day 18 of the fertility cycle?

A

first safe day before next menstrual period

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33
Q

Is it safe to have sex during the days 19-28 of the fertility cycle?

A

relatively safe

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34
Q

What is cervical mucous like days before ovulation?

A

clear, slippery and stretchy

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35
Q

What hormone do pregnancy tests detect?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin

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36
Q

When can hCG be detected in the urine?

A

~3 weeks into pregnancy

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37
Q

When can a blood test detect hCG?

A

as early as the 8th day

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38
Q

How many days does pregnancy last?

A

280 days, calculated from first day of last period

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39
Q

What is the normal gestation length?

A

266 days or 38 weeks

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40
Q

How is the expected due date calculated?

A

from the date of fertilization which is 2 weeks after beginning of last period

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41
Q

Fill in the blanks: babies are usually born ~ ___ days before or ____ due date

A

babies are usually born ~10 days before or after due date

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42
Q

What is the germinal stage of prenatal development?

A

conception to implantation

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43
Q

How long does it take the zygote to reach the uterus?

A

3-4 days

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44
Q

How long does it take the zygote to implant once it reaches the uterus?

A

3-4 days

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45
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

a fluid filled ball of cells

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46
Q

When is the embryonic stage?

A

implantation to 8th week

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47
Q

What happens in the embryonic stage?

A

major organ systems being to differentiate

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48
Q

When is the fetal stage?

A

9th week to birth

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49
Q

What happens by the 8th or 9th week of pregnancy?

A

The baby starts to respond to the outside world

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50
Q

When is the first trimester?

A

conception to 12 weeks

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51
Q

What is forming during the first trimester?

A

brain, heart, lungs, eyes, ears, arms and legs

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52
Q

What happens if the mom ingests harmful substances during the first trimester?

A

can affect normal growth and development

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53
Q

When does the heart start beating?

A

Day 21

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54
Q

When is the second trimester?

A

13 weeks to 28 weeks

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55
Q

What is the first period of the second trimester?

A

week 12 to 16

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56
Q

What happens in the first period of the second trimester?

A

period of rapid growth for the fetus (18 cm or 3 inches)

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57
Q

What is beginning to show in the first period of the second trimester?

A

sexual differentiation

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58
Q

What is developing very rapidly during the first period of the second trimester?

A

the brain!!!

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59
Q

When are the fingers, toes and nails formed?

A

during the first period of the second trimester

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60
Q

When are the eyes almost fully developed but lids are still fused? Why are they fused?

A

during the first period of the second trimester

to protect the nerve fibers

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61
Q

when can you hear the heart beat of the doppler?

A

during the first period of the second trimester?

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62
Q

When is the second period of the second trimester?

A

16 weeks

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63
Q

When can the fetus start to feel pain and sucking its thumb?

A

during the second period of the second trimester

64
Q

When does the fetus start to make crying motions?

A

during the second period of the second trimester

65
Q

when does the fetus have a strong heart beat?

A

during the second period of the second trimester?

66
Q

How long is the fetus and how much does it weigh in the second period of the second trimester?

A

height: 15 cm (6.5 inches)
weight: 100 g (4 oz)

67
Q

What are 3 things that happen during the second period of the second trimester?

A
  1. moves about
  2. swallows amniotic fluid
  3. has periods of sleep and wakefulness
68
Q

When is the third period of the second trimester?

A

24 weeks

69
Q

How big is the fetus during the 24th week?

A

height: 28-35 cm (11-14 inches)
weight: 500 grams

70
Q

Describe the skin and eyelids in the 24th week?

A

skin is wrinkled and red

eyelids are separated

71
Q

What starts to occur in the 24th week?

A

Can feel baby kicking

72
Q

Will the baby survive if born at 24 weeks?

A

Maybe

73
Q

What is the vernix? What week do are notes say the baby has it?

A

a heavy protective creamy coating

24 weeks

74
Q

What is the fourth period of the second trimester?

A

28 weeks

75
Q

How big is the fetus in the 28th week?

A

height: 38 cm (15 inches)
weight: 1100 grams (2.5 lbs)

76
Q

Describe the skin during the 28th week?

A

very wrinkled not fat yet

77
Q

Describe the lungs during the 28th week?

A

not fully grown but do make breathing movements

78
Q

Describe the organs and bones during the 28th week?

A

organs are beginning to mature

bones are fully grown but still soft

79
Q

Describe the eyelids during the 28th week?

A

finally opened

80
Q

What is the survival if born during the 28th week?

A

better

81
Q

How does the mom feel during the 28th week?

A

less nausea and fatigue
increased energy
increased well being

82
Q

Why is there less pressure on the bladder in the 28th week?

A

The uterus lifts out of the pelvis

83
Q

When does the mask of pregnancy occur?

A

12 weeks

84
Q

When do the breasts get darker?

A

12 weeks

85
Q

When does the linea nigra pigmentation occur?

A

12 weeks

86
Q

Describe the vaginal discharge during pregnancy?

A

increased

87
Q

Describe the breast fluid at 16+ weeks?

A

clear, yellow colostrum

88
Q

When is the third trimester?

A

29 weeks to birth

89
Q

What organs grow last?

A

lungs

90
Q

During the third trimester what grows the most?

A

the baby’s weight

91
Q

Fill in the blanks: in the _____ trimester, major organs are _____ and _____, minerals and fatty acids are being stored

A

in the third trimester, major organs are developed and vitamins, minerals and fatty acids are being stored

92
Q

Describe the skin during the third trimester?

A

less wrinkled and red

93
Q

what position does the fetus move to during the third trimester?

A

birthing

94
Q

How much can the fetus gain a week during the last month of pregnancy?

A

1/2 a pound

95
Q

Describe the S&S the mom may have during the 34th week?

A

awkwardness, depression, heart burn, hemorrhoids, pelvic pain, difficulty sleeping, stuffy nose

96
Q

Describe the S&S the mom may have during the 37th week?

A

pressure on bladder, increased pelvic pain, lightening (baby descends into pelvis)

97
Q

What do they check in the first prenatal visit?

A
  • hx
  • physical
  • blood work
  • lab work
98
Q

What do they check in other prenatal visits?

A
  • weight
  • BP
  • growth of uterus
  • baby’s heart beat
  • baby’s position
  • urine (glucose and protein)
  • education
99
Q

What is the routine prenatal test at 11-16 weeks gestation?

A

genetic screening

100
Q

What is the routine prenatal test at 18 weeks gestation?

A

ultrasound

101
Q

What is the routine prenatal test at 24-28 weeks gestation?

A

repeat blood tests, diabetes screen

102
Q

What is the routine prenatal test at 28-30 weeks gestation?

A

Rh immune globulin to Rh negative women

103
Q

What is the routine prenatal test at 36 weeks gestation?

A

group b strep

104
Q

What is the routine prenatal test at 41 weeks gestation?

A

non stress test and biophysical test

105
Q

Genetic screening: when is the maternal serum screen?

A

16-20 weeks

106
Q

What does the maternal serum screen screen for?

A

neural tube defects and down syndrome/other major chromosomal disorders

107
Q

Genetic screening: when is the chronic villous sampling?

A

11-13 weeks

108
Q

Genetic screening: when is the amniocentesis

A

15-20 weeks

109
Q

What does good nutrition of the mom decrease the risk of?

A
  • difficult labor and delivery
  • low birthweight
  • infant mortality
  • physical and mental disabilities
110
Q

What does folic acid do?

A

promotes development of brain stem, spinal cord and RBC

promotes development of baby’s nervous system

111
Q

When is the need for folic acid the greatest?

A

First month of pregnancy

112
Q

What is the recommended amount of folic acid for regular moms? At risk?

A

Regular moms: 0.4-1.0 mg

At risk: 4-5 mg

113
Q

What are some sources of folic acid?

A

dark green leafy veggies, whole grain breads/cereals, oranges, cantaloupe, avocado, sweet potatoes, nuts, dried beans and peas

114
Q

What does an iron deficiency cause?

A

fatigue and cardiovascular affects

115
Q

What is the recommended daily dose of iron?

A

27 mg a day

116
Q

What should you take your iron with?

A

Foods high in Vitamin C

117
Q

What inhibits the absorption of iron?

A

caffeine

118
Q

What should you not take your iron with?

A

calcium

119
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

builds baby’s and mom’s RBC and iron stores to prevent anemia

120
Q

Sources of iron?

A

dried fruit, meat, dried beans, green leafy veggies, bread, cereal, egg yolk

121
Q

What is calcium important for?

A

the development of bones and proper muscle function

122
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of calcium?

A

1000-1300 mg a day

123
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

strengths baby’s and mom’s teeth and bones

124
Q

What are some sources of calcium?

A

milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, sardines, salmon, tofu, oysters, scallops, broccoli

125
Q

What does vitamin D increase the absorption of?

A

calcium

126
Q

What is vitamin D required for?

A

both bone development and maintaining bone strength in the mother

127
Q

What is the recommended daily dose of vitamin D?

A

400 IU

128
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

increased calcium absorption and is essential for the body to use calcium

129
Q

What are some sources of vitamin D?

A

milk, fortified soy milk, direct sunlight, margarine, egg yolks

130
Q

What are essential fatty acids needed for?

A

proper fetal and visual development

maintenance of pregnancy

131
Q

What are sources of dietary fatty acids?

A

fish, canola oil, flax oil, nuts and seeds

132
Q

What are the 3 main functions of water?

A
  1. carries nutrients to the cells
  2. carries wastes products away
  3. keeps you cool
133
Q

What is the recommended amount of water?

A

48-64 ounces straight or as other fluids

134
Q

What is the .max daily amount of caffeine?

A

300 mg a day

135
Q

Why worry about caffeine levels?

A
  1. some appears in breast milk
  2. crosses placenta
  3. may stimulate body or fetus
136
Q

What does an increased consumption of caffeine put the fetus/baby at risk for?

A

premature delivery

137
Q

What artificial sweeteners are safe in moderation?

A

aspartame (nutrasweet, equal)
sucralose (splenda)
acesulfame potassium (sunett)

138
Q

What artificial sweeteners are not safe?

A

saccharin

cyclamine

139
Q 
How many extra calories should the mom eat?
First trimester:
Second trimester: 
Third trimester:
Breast feeding:
A

First trimester: 0-100
Second trimester: 340
Third trimester: 450
Breast feeding: 500

140
Q

What level of alcohol is safe for a pregnant women to consume?

A

NONE

141
Q

What does alcohol consumption cause?

A

impacts physical and brain growth

142
Q

What does regular drinking cause?

A

increased miscarriage risk

143
Q

What 2 things can drinking cause in the child?

A
  1. FASD

2. low birth weight

144
Q

What does smoking cause in the fetus/pregnancy?

A
  1. premature rupture of membranes
  2. placenta previa
  3. placenta rupture
  4. preterm birth
  5. birth complications
  6. hemorrhage
145
Q

What does smoking cause in infants?

A
  1. SIDS
  2. respiratory problems
  3. ear infection
  4. hospitalization
146
Q

What are the signs of labor?

A
  1. lightening or engagement: relieving pressure
  2. effacement: ripening of cervix
  3. dilation: opening of cervix
  4. bloody show: loss of mucos plug
  5. nesting: spurt of energy
  6. rupture of membranes: water breaks
  7. contractions: labor pains begin
147
Q

What are the 3 pharmacological pain control methods used in labor?

A
  1. nitrous oxide
  2. narcotics
  3. epidural
148
Q

What are the 3 parts the first stage of labor?

A
  1. latent
  2. active
  3. transition
149
Q

What is the width of the cervix in the latent stage of labor? the transition stage?

A

0-3 cm

8-10 cm

150
Q

What happens in the second stage of labor?

A

pushing, descent of baby, episiotomy and birth of baby

151
Q

What is an episiotomy?

A

usually performed when the baby’s shoulders are too wide to emerge without tearing or if the baby is in distress

152
Q

What are the rates of episiotomy? What did they used to be?

A

they went from 1/2 of all births to 1/3

153
Q

What happens in the third stage of labor?

A
  • placenta is expelled
  • uterus begins to contact
  • 5-60 mins
154
Q

What are the pros of breastfeeding?

A

provides optimal nutrition, immunological and emotional benefits for child’s growth and development

155
Q

How common was breastfeeding in 2001?

A

81.5%

156
Q

How common was breastfeeding in 2005?

A

87%

Human Sexuality (15 decks)

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