A&P, response, issues, embryo development 8-9Q Flashcards
Review diagrams!!
Do it
Review diagrams!!
Do it
The ovum contains which chromosomes?
X
The sperm contains which chromosomes?
Y or X
What does the fetus have at 5-6 weeks?
primitive glands, ducts and external genitals
What does the fetus have at 7 weeks?
beings to differentiate into sex
What gender is the basic blue print of all embryos?
female
What is the main androgen?
testosterone
Where are androgens produced?
in the testicles
What do androgens influence?
male development
what does a lack of androgens cause?
female development
Where to the testicles begin?
high in abdomen
Where to the ovaries begin?
high in abdomen
Where do the testicles descend?
scrotal sac
where do the ovaries descend?
into the pelvis
what happens in the testicles don’t descend?
- may correct early in life
- moved surgically
- risk of cancer or sterility
What male organ is equivalent to the glans of the clit
glans of the penis
What male organ is equivalent to the shaft of clit
shaft of penis
What male organ is equivalent to the hood of clit
foreskin
What male organ is equivalent to the labia majora
scrotal sac
What male organ is equivalent to the labia minora
underside of penile shaft
What male organ is equivalent to the skene’s glands
prostate glands
What male organ is equivalent to the bartholin’s glands
cowpers glands
What male organ is equivalent to the ovaries?
testes
Describe the mons veneris
fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clit
Describe the labia majora
large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva
What is the function of the labia majora?
amply supplied with nerve endings that respond to stimulation, also shield inner portion of female genitals
What is the function of the mons veneris?
cushions a women’s body during intercourse
Describe the labia minora?
2 hairless, light colored membranes located between major lips, surround urethral and vaginal opening, at the top they form the prepuce (hood) of the clit
What is the function of the labia minora?
rich in blood vessels and nerve ending, highly sensitive
when stimulated they darken and swell
Describe the clit?
female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethra opening
What is the function of the clit?
no function other than SEXUAL
Describe the precupe of the clit?
hood covering clitoral shaft
What is another name for the vaginal opening?
introitus
Describe the hymen?
fold of tissue across vaginal opening- usually present at birth and remains partially intact until intercourse
Describe the pubo coccygeus muscle?
muscles that encircle entrance to vagina
kegels!
How long is the vagina at rest?
3-5 inches
Where does the period flow and babies go?
from uterus to outer world via vagina
Where is the cervix?
lower end of uterus
What does the cervix produce?
secretions that contribute to chemical balances
How big is the opening of the cervix?
the width of a straw
What does the cervix do during birth?
Expands to permit passage of the baby
What happens in the uterus?
where the fertilized ovum impants and develops until birth
Which direction does the uterus tip?
tips forward (anteverted)
What are the 3 parts of the uterus?
- fundus
- body
- cervix
What is the endometrium?
innermost layer of uterus
Fill in the blank: the endometrium is supplied with ______ and _______
the endometrium is supplied with blood vessels and glands
What is endometriosis?
tissue may grow in abdominal cavity or elsewhere in the reproductive system, most common S&S is menstrual pain
can lead to infertility
What is the myometrium?
2nd well muscled layer, endows uterus with flexibility and strength and causes contractions
What is the perimetrium?
Fibrous 3rd or outermost layer
provides external cover
What do the fallopian tubes connect?
ovary to uterus
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
serves to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and the sperm from the uterus to the ovary
What are the parts of the fallopian tubes
in order from nearest the uterus
isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum - fimbriae
What are the ovaries?
almond shaped organs that are 1.5 inches long
What do the ovaries produce?
Ova, estrogen and progesterone
What is a hysterectomy?
surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
performed to reduce cancer risk
What does each breast contain?
15-20 clusters of mammary glands
Where do mammary glands open?
at the nipple through its own duct
Where do the nipples lie?
in the center of the areola
What causes hard nipples?
smooth muscle fibers
What happens to the areola in pregnancy?
darkens and stays dark afterwards
What happens in the breasts during breast feeding?
oil producing glands in areola help lubricate nipples during breast feeding
Review some diagrams
do it do it do it
Describe the penis?
male organ of sex, contains opening thru which semen and urine pass
Describe the corpus cavernosum?
cylinders of spongy tissue in penis that fills with blood and stiffens during sexual arousal
Describe the corpus spongisum?
spongy body that runs along bottom of penis, contains penile urethra and enlarges at the tip to form glans
Describe the corona
ridge that seperates glans from penile body
Describe the frenulum
sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft
Describe the scrotum
pouch of loose skin (hairy in puberty) contains 2 compartments that hold the testes
Describe the spermatic cord
contains the vas deferns and cremaster muscles
Describe the dartos muscl
middle layer of scrotum
What are the functions of the testes?
secrete sex hormones and produce germ cells (sperm)
Where is testosterone secreted?
by the interstitial cells (also called leydig’s cells)
What does testosterone do?
stimulates prenatal differentiation of male sex organs, sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics
Where does the epididymis empty?
the vas deferns
describe the vas deferns
a thin cylindrical tube ~ 16 inches long and serves as conduit for mature sperm
What is a vasectomy?
operation in which the left and right vas deferns are severed
what are the seminal vesicles
~2 inch long small glands
Where do the seminal vesicles lay
in behind bladder and open into ejaculatory ducts
Describe the fluids that the seminal vesicles produce
- rich in fructose
- mix with sperm
Where does the prostate gland lay?
beneath the bladder and ~3/4 inches in diameter (chesnut shape)
What does the prostate gland contains and secrete?
contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue that secretes prostatic fluid (milky and alkaline- semen texture and color)
Where are the cowper’s glands located?
below prostate
What is another name for the cowper’s glands?
bulbourethral glands
What do the cowpers glands do
empty secretions into urthera
during sexual arousal they secret a drop of lear. slipper fluid that appears at the urtheral opening unknown function)
Review some diagrams!!
right now
What are the 4 steps that Masters and Johnson describe in the sexual response cycle?
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
What are the 3 phases of the sexual response that Kaplan describes?
- desire
- excitement
- orgasm
Describe the key parts of desire?
- drive and interest
- testosterone key in both genders
- arises in brain
- strengthened by fantasy and appropriate stimulation of all senses
Describe the key parts of excitement?
- increase in muscle tension, HR and BP
- sex flush and nipple erection
Describe the key parts of female excitement?
- engorgement of clit, labia and vagina
- vaginal lubrication, elevation and uterus/breast enlargement
Describe the key parts of male excitement?
- experience penile erection, enlargement and teste elevation
- cowper’s gland may secrete
Describe the key parts of the plateau
increased myotonia (muscle tension), hyperventilation, increased HR and BP
Describe the key parts of the women’s plateau phase
- clit withdraws under hood
- labia minora deepens in color
- orgasmic platform forms in vagina
- uterus = fully elevated
- areolas = swollen
Describe the key parts of the men’s plateau phase
- corona fully engorged
- testes elevated and enlarged
- cowper’s glands = active
Describe the key parts of the orgasm phase
- involuntary muscle spasms (most significant in vagina and penis)
- BP, HR and RR peak
- slightly longer in women
What are the 2 orgasm stages in males?
- emission
2. expulsion
Describe the emission stage of the male orgasm
- contraction of prostate, seminal vesicles and upper vas deferens (ampulla)
- force of contractions propels seminal fluid into prostatic part of urethral tract (small tube called urtheral bulb)
- balloons out as muscle close- trapping semen
Describe the expulsion stage of the male orgasm
- propulsion of semen thru urethra and out of urethra at tip
- muscles at base of penis and around contract rhythmically and forcefully to expel semen
- generally accompanied by highly pleasurable orgasm sensations
What is retrograde ejaculation?
ejaculate empties into bladder (external sphincter doesn’t open)
only some men experience
The ovum contains which chromosomes?
X
The sperm contains which chromosomes?
Y or X
What does the fetus have at 5-6 weeks?
primitive glands, ducts and external genitals
What does the fetus have at 7 weeks?
beings to differentiate into sex
What gender is the basic blue print of all embryos?
female
What is the main androgen?
testosterone
Where are androgens produced?
in the testicles
What do androgens influence?
male development
what does a lack of androgens cause?
female development
Where to the testicles begin?
high in abdomen
Where to the ovaries begin?
high in abdomen
Where do the testicles descend?
scrotal sac
where do the ovaries descend?
into the pelvis
what happens in the testicles don’t descend?
- may correct early in life
- moved surgically
- risk of cancer or sterility
What male organ is equivalent to the glans of the clit
glans of the penis
What male organ is equivalent to the shaft of clit
shaft of penis
What male organ is equivalent to the hood of clit
foreskin
What male organ is equivalent to the labia majora
scrotal sac
What male organ is equivalent to the labia minora
underside of penile shaft
What male organ is equivalent to the skene’s glands
prostate glands
What male organ is equivalent to the bartholin’s glands
cowpers glands
What male organ is equivalent to the ovaries?
testes
Describe the mons veneris
fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clit
Describe the labia majora
large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva
What is the function of the labia majora?
amply supplied with nerve endings that respond to stimulation, also shield inner portion of female genitals
What is the function of the mons veneris?
cushions a women’s body during intercourse
Describe the labia minora?
2 hairless, light colored membranes located between major lips, surround urethral and vaginal opening, at the top they form the prepuce (hood) of the clit
What is the function of the labia minora?
rich in blood vessels and nerve ending, highly sensitive
when stimulated they darken and swell
Describe the clit?
female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethra opening
What is the function of the clit?
no function other than SEXUAL
Describe the precupe of the clit?
hood covering clitoral shaft
What is another name for the vaginal opening?
introitus
Describe the hymen?
fold of tissue across vaginal opening- usually present at birth and remains partially intact until intercourse
Describe the pubo coccygeus muscle?
muscles that encircle entrance to vagina
kegels!
How long is the vagina at rest?
3-5 inches
Where does the period flow and babies go?
from uterus to outer world via vagina
Where is the cervix?
lower end of uterus
What does the cervix produce?
secretions that contribute to chemical balances
How big is the opening of the cervix?
the width of a straw
What does the cervix do during birth?
Expands to permit passage of the baby
What happens in the uterus?
where the fertilized ovum impants and develops until birth
Which direction does the uterus tip?
tips forward (anteverted)
What are the 3 parts of the uterus?
- fundus
- body
- cervix
What is the endometrium?
innermost layer of uterus
Fill in the blank: the endometrium is supplied with ______ and _______
the endometrium is supplied with blood vessels and glands
What is endometriosis?
tissue may grow in abdominal cavity or elsewhere in the reproductive system, most common S&S is menstrual pain
can lead to infertility
What is the myometrium?
2nd well muscled layer, endows uterus with flexibility and strength and causes contractions
What is the perimetrium?
Fibrous 3rd or outermost layer
provides external cover
What do the fallopian tubes connect?
ovary to uterus
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
serves to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and the sperm from the uterus to the ovary
What are the parts of the fallopian tubes
in order from nearest the uterus
isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum - fimbriae
What are the ovaries?
almond shaped organs that are 1.5 inches long
What do the ovaries produce?
Ova, estrogen and progesterone
What is a hysterectomy?
surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
performed to reduce cancer risk
What does each breast contain?
15-20 clusters of mammary glands
Where do mammary glands open?
at the nipple through its own duct
Where do the nipples lie?
in the center of the areola
What causes hard nipples?
smooth muscle fibers
What happens to the areola in pregnancy?
darkens and stays dark afterwards
What happens in the breasts during breast feeding?
oil producing glands in areola help lubricate nipples during breast feeding
Review some diagrams
do it do it do it
Describe the penis?
male organ of sex, contains opening thru which semen and urine pass
Describe the corpus cavernosum?
cylinders of spongy tissue in penis that fills with blood and stiffens during sexual arousal
Describe the corpus spongisum?
spongy body that runs along bottom of penis, contains penile urethra and enlarges at the tip to form glans
Describe the corona
ridge that seperates glans from penile body
Describe the frenulum
sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft
Describe the scrotum
pouch of loose skin (hairy in puberty) contains 2 compartments that hold the testes
Describe the spermatic cord
contains the vas deferns and cremaster muscles
Describe the dartos muscl
middle layer of scrotum
What are the functions of the testes?
secrete sex hormones and produce germ cells (sperm)
Where is testosterone secreted?
by the interstitial cells (also called leydig’s cells)
What does testosterone do?
stimulates prenatal differentiation of male sex organs, sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics
Where does the epididymis empty?
the vas deferns
describe the vas deferns
a thin cylindrical tube ~ 16 inches long and serves as conduit for mature sperm
What is a vasectomy?
operation in which the left and right vas deferns are severed
what are the seminal vesicles
~2 inch long small glands
Where do the seminal vesicles lay
in behind bladder and open into ejaculatory ducts
Describe the fluids that the seminal vesicles produce
- rich in fructose
- mix with sperm
Where does the prostate gland lay?
beneath the bladder and ~3/4 inches in diameter (chesnut shape)
What does the prostate gland contains and secrete?
contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue that secretes prostatic fluid (milky and alkaline- semen texture and color)
Where are the cowper’s glands located?
below prostate
What is another name for the cowper’s glands?
bulbourethral glands
What do the cowpers glands do
empty secretions into urthera
during sexual arousal they secret a drop of lear. slipper fluid that appears at the urtheral opening unknown function)
Review some diagrams!!
right now
What are the 4 steps that Masters and Johnson describe in the sexual response cycle?
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
What are the 3 phases of the sexual response that Kaplan describes?
- desire
- excitement
- orgasm
Describe the key parts of desire?
- drive and interest
- testosterone key in both genders
- arises in brain
- strengthened by fantasy and appropriate stimulation of all senses
Describe the key parts of excitement?
- increase in muscle tension, HR and BP
- sex flush and nipple erection
Describe the key parts of female excitement?
- engorgement of clit, labia and vagina
- vaginal lubrication, elevation and uterus/breast enlargement
Describe the key parts of male excitement?
- experience penile erection, enlargement and teste elevation
- cowper’s gland may secrete
Describe the key parts of the plateau
increased myotonia (muscle tension), hyperventilation, increased HR and BP
Describe the key parts of the women’s plateau phase
- clit withdraws under hood
- labia minora deepens in color
- orgasmic platform forms in vagina
- uterus = fully elevated
- areolas = swollen
Describe the key parts of the men’s plateau phase
- corona fully engorged
- testes elevated and enlarged
- cowper’s glands = active
Describe the key parts of the orgasm phase
- involuntary muscle spasms (most significant in vagina and penis)
- BP, HR and RR peak
- slightly longer in women
What are the 2 orgasm stages in males?
- emission
2. expulsion
Describe the emission stage of the male orgasm
- contraction of prostate, seminal vesicles and upper vas deferens (ampulla)
- force of contractions propels seminal fluid into prostatic part of urethral tract (small tube called urtheral bulb)
- balloons out as muscle close- trapping semen
Describe the expulsion stage of the male orgasm
- propulsion of semen thru urethra and out of urethra at tip
- muscles at base of penis and around contract rhythmically and forcefully to expel semen
- generally accompanied by highly pleasurable orgasm sensations
What is retrograde ejaculation?
ejaculate empties into bladder (external sphincter doesn’t open)
only some men experience
Fill in the blanks: _____ demonstrate a wider variability in their _____ response patternes
females demonstrate a wider variability in their sexual response patterns
Fill in the blanks: _____ orgasms occur with _____ frequency in females
multiple orgasms occur with greater frequency in females
what is one of the most profound differences in orgasms between men and women
males have the refractory period
What is a male circumcision?
surgical removal of precupe (foreskin)
What does the male circumcision fully expose?
glans of penis
What are the reasons for male circumcision?
hygiene, religion or culture
Where is female circumcision done?
africa, middle east, indonesia, Malaysia and australia?
What are the 3 types of female circumcision?
- removal of hood of clit
- removal of entire clit
- removal of entire clit, labia minora and parts of majora (remaining majora pulled over vaginal opening and stitched closed- vagina is closed except for v small opening)
What is the average age that female circumcision occurs?
7
What happens when someone with a full female circumcision has sex for the first time?
Vagina must be opened with penis, knife or nails
What are the reasons for female circumcision?
economic, sexual control of women, religion, culture, cosmetic or curative
What is menstruation?
cycial bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) when fertilization hasn’t occurred
Is menstruation usually viewed positively or negatively?
negatively.. “the curse”
What are the 5 common taboos related to menstruation?
- ban on sex during
- restrictions on activities and contact with others during
- taboo against contact with men’s ritual equipment or weaponry during
- taboos against cooking or handling food during
- total seclusion in special living area during
What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
combo of bodily and psychological S&S that afflict women during 4-6 days before period
How many women are affected by PMS?
3 out of 4
What are the common S&S of PMS?
- anxiety
- depression
- irritability
- weight gain from fluid retention
- abdominal discomfort
fill in the blanks: ____% of women experience PMS so _______ that it impacts their _______, academic or ________ functioning
10% of women experience PMS so severe that it impacts their social, academic or occupational functioning
When should PAPs start to be done?
late teens or when sexually active
How often should PAPs be done?
Annually or every 1-3 years
What are the 2 reasons to do PAPs more frequently?
- women is on birth control
- women is over 35 years old
What are the assessments to check for cervical cancer?
external and internal exam, PAP, vaginal discharge testing
What should a women check for in relation to cervical cancer?
pelvic area for any abnormalities in color or size
What should a women inform her doctor about in relation to cervical cancer?
unusual discharge or pain
When should a breast self exam be done?
once a month (1 week before period)
What should a women check for in a breast self exam?
lumps, hard knots, thickening
any noticeable changes
What motion should a women use during a breast self exam?
circular
What is the frequency of a mammogram and when does it start?
annually after age 50 or 40 if there is a family hx
Fill in the blank: _____ cancer in men is the most common between ages _______
testicular cancer in men is the most common between ages 29-35
When should a testicular self exam be done?
Once a month after bath or shower (scrotum = relaxed)
What are the 4 warnings signs of testicular cancer?
- slight enlargement of 1 teste
- change in teste consistency
- dull ache in lower abdomen or groin (could be no pain)
- sensation of dragging or heaviness in testicles
What is the rate of prostate cancer?
1 in 8 men
What is the #2 cancer in men?
prostate
Fill in the blanks: ____ cancer in men is more common than ____ cancer in women
prostate cancer in men is more common than breast cancer in women
What are the early S&S of benign prostate enlargement?
- urinary frequency
- difficulty urinating
- blood in urine
- pain or burning with urination
- pain in lower back
- no S&S
When are tests recommended for prostate cancer and what are the tests?
40 years old
annual rectal exam and blood test
