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Human Sexuality > A&P, response, issues, embryo development 8-9Q > Flashcards

A&P, response, issues, embryo development 8-9Q Flashcards

1
Q

Review diagrams!!

A

Do it

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2
Q

Review diagrams!!

A

Do it

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3
Q

The ovum contains which chromosomes?

A

X

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4
Q

The sperm contains which chromosomes?

A

Y or X

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5
Q

What does the fetus have at 5-6 weeks?

A

primitive glands, ducts and external genitals

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6
Q

What does the fetus have at 7 weeks?

A

beings to differentiate into sex

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7
Q

What gender is the basic blue print of all embryos?

A

female

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8
Q

What is the main androgen?

A

testosterone

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9
Q

Where are androgens produced?

A

in the testicles

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10
Q

What do androgens influence?

A

male development

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11
Q

what does a lack of androgens cause?

A

female development

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12
Q

Where to the testicles begin?

A

high in abdomen

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13
Q

Where to the ovaries begin?

A

high in abdomen

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14
Q

Where do the testicles descend?

A

scrotal sac

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15
Q

where do the ovaries descend?

A

into the pelvis

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16
Q

what happens in the testicles don’t descend?

A
  • may correct early in life
  • moved surgically
  • risk of cancer or sterility
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17
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the glans of the clit

A

glans of the penis

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18
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the shaft of clit

A

shaft of penis

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19
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the hood of clit

A

foreskin

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20
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the labia majora

A

scrotal sac

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21
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the labia minora

A

underside of penile shaft

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22
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the skene’s glands

A

prostate glands

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23
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the bartholin’s glands

A

cowpers glands

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24
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the ovaries?

A

testes

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25
Q

Describe the mons veneris

A

fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clit

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26
Q

Describe the labia majora

A

large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva

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27
Q

What is the function of the labia majora?

A

amply supplied with nerve endings that respond to stimulation, also shield inner portion of female genitals

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28
Q

What is the function of the mons veneris?

A

cushions a women’s body during intercourse

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29
Q

Describe the labia minora?

A

2 hairless, light colored membranes located between major lips, surround urethral and vaginal opening, at the top they form the prepuce (hood) of the clit

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30
Q

What is the function of the labia minora?

A

rich in blood vessels and nerve ending, highly sensitive

when stimulated they darken and swell

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31
Q

Describe the clit?

A

female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethra opening

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32
Q

What is the function of the clit?

A

no function other than SEXUAL

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33
Q

Describe the precupe of the clit?

A

hood covering clitoral shaft

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34
Q

What is another name for the vaginal opening?

A

introitus

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35
Q

Describe the hymen?

A

fold of tissue across vaginal opening- usually present at birth and remains partially intact until intercourse

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36
Q

Describe the pubo coccygeus muscle?

A

muscles that encircle entrance to vagina

kegels!

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37
Q

How long is the vagina at rest?

A

3-5 inches

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38
Q

Where does the period flow and babies go?

A

from uterus to outer world via vagina

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39
Q

Where is the cervix?

A

lower end of uterus

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40
Q

What does the cervix produce?

A

secretions that contribute to chemical balances

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41
Q

How big is the opening of the cervix?

A

the width of a straw

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42
Q

What does the cervix do during birth?

A

Expands to permit passage of the baby

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43
Q

What happens in the uterus?

A

where the fertilized ovum impants and develops until birth

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44
Q

Which direction does the uterus tip?

A

tips forward (anteverted)

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45
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uterus?

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. cervix
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46
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

innermost layer of uterus

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47
Q

Fill in the blank: the endometrium is supplied with ______ and _______

A

the endometrium is supplied with blood vessels and glands

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48
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

tissue may grow in abdominal cavity or elsewhere in the reproductive system, most common S&S is menstrual pain

can lead to infertility

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49
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

2nd well muscled layer, endows uterus with flexibility and strength and causes contractions

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50
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

Fibrous 3rd or outermost layer

provides external cover

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51
Q

What do the fallopian tubes connect?

A

ovary to uterus

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52
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

serves to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and the sperm from the uterus to the ovary

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53
Q

What are the parts of the fallopian tubes

in order from nearest the uterus

A

isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum - fimbriae

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54
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

almond shaped organs that are 1.5 inches long

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55
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Ova, estrogen and progesterone

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56
Q

What is a hysterectomy?

A

surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
performed to reduce cancer risk

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57
Q

What does each breast contain?

A

15-20 clusters of mammary glands

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58
Q

Where do mammary glands open?

A

at the nipple through its own duct

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59
Q

Where do the nipples lie?

A

in the center of the areola

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60
Q

What causes hard nipples?

A

smooth muscle fibers

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61
Q

What happens to the areola in pregnancy?

A

darkens and stays dark afterwards

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62
Q

What happens in the breasts during breast feeding?

A

oil producing glands in areola help lubricate nipples during breast feeding

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63
Q

Review some diagrams

A

do it do it do it

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64
Q

Describe the penis?

A

male organ of sex, contains opening thru which semen and urine pass

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65
Q

Describe the corpus cavernosum?

A

cylinders of spongy tissue in penis that fills with blood and stiffens during sexual arousal

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66
Q

Describe the corpus spongisum?

A

spongy body that runs along bottom of penis, contains penile urethra and enlarges at the tip to form glans

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67
Q

Describe the corona

A

ridge that seperates glans from penile body

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68
Q

Describe the frenulum

A

sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft

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69
Q

Describe the scrotum

A

pouch of loose skin (hairy in puberty) contains 2 compartments that hold the testes

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70
Q

Describe the spermatic cord

A

contains the vas deferns and cremaster muscles

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71
Q

Describe the dartos muscl

A

middle layer of scrotum

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72
Q

What are the functions of the testes?

A

secrete sex hormones and produce germ cells (sperm)

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73
Q

Where is testosterone secreted?

A

by the interstitial cells (also called leydig’s cells)

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74
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

stimulates prenatal differentiation of male sex organs, sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics

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75
Q

Where does the epididymis empty?

A

the vas deferns

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76
Q

describe the vas deferns

A

a thin cylindrical tube ~ 16 inches long and serves as conduit for mature sperm

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77
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

operation in which the left and right vas deferns are severed

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78
Q

what are the seminal vesicles

A

~2 inch long small glands

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79
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles lay

A

in behind bladder and open into ejaculatory ducts

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80
Q

Describe the fluids that the seminal vesicles produce

A
  • rich in fructose

- mix with sperm

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81
Q

Where does the prostate gland lay?

A

beneath the bladder and ~3/4 inches in diameter (chesnut shape)

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82
Q

What does the prostate gland contains and secrete?

A

contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue that secretes prostatic fluid (milky and alkaline- semen texture and color)

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83
Q

Where are the cowper’s glands located?

A

below prostate

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84
Q

What is another name for the cowper’s glands?

A

bulbourethral glands

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85
Q

What do the cowpers glands do

A

empty secretions into urthera

during sexual arousal they secret a drop of lear. slipper fluid that appears at the urtheral opening unknown function)

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86
Q

Review some diagrams!!

A

right now

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87
Q

What are the 4 steps that Masters and Johnson describe in the sexual response cycle?

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
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88
Q

What are the 3 phases of the sexual response that Kaplan describes?

A
  1. desire
  2. excitement
  3. orgasm
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89
Q

Describe the key parts of desire?

A
  • drive and interest
  • testosterone key in both genders
  • arises in brain
  • strengthened by fantasy and appropriate stimulation of all senses
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90
Q

Describe the key parts of excitement?

A
  • increase in muscle tension, HR and BP

- sex flush and nipple erection

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91
Q

Describe the key parts of female excitement?

A
  • engorgement of clit, labia and vagina

- vaginal lubrication, elevation and uterus/breast enlargement

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92
Q

Describe the key parts of male excitement?

A
  • experience penile erection, enlargement and teste elevation
  • cowper’s gland may secrete
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93
Q

Describe the key parts of the plateau

A

increased myotonia (muscle tension), hyperventilation, increased HR and BP

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94
Q

Describe the key parts of the women’s plateau phase

A
  • clit withdraws under hood
  • labia minora deepens in color
  • orgasmic platform forms in vagina
  • uterus = fully elevated
  • areolas = swollen
95
Q

Describe the key parts of the men’s plateau phase

A
  • corona fully engorged
  • testes elevated and enlarged
  • cowper’s glands = active
96
Q

Describe the key parts of the orgasm phase

A
  • involuntary muscle spasms (most significant in vagina and penis)
  • BP, HR and RR peak
  • slightly longer in women
97
Q

What are the 2 orgasm stages in males?

A
  1. emission

2. expulsion

98
Q

Describe the emission stage of the male orgasm

A
  • contraction of prostate, seminal vesicles and upper vas deferens (ampulla)
  • force of contractions propels seminal fluid into prostatic part of urethral tract (small tube called urtheral bulb)
  • balloons out as muscle close- trapping semen
99
Q

Describe the expulsion stage of the male orgasm

A
  • propulsion of semen thru urethra and out of urethra at tip
  • muscles at base of penis and around contract rhythmically and forcefully to expel semen
  • generally accompanied by highly pleasurable orgasm sensations
100
Q

What is retrograde ejaculation?

A

ejaculate empties into bladder (external sphincter doesn’t open)
only some men experience

101
Q

The ovum contains which chromosomes?

A

X

102
Q

The sperm contains which chromosomes?

A

Y or X

103
Q

What does the fetus have at 5-6 weeks?

A

primitive glands, ducts and external genitals

104
Q

What does the fetus have at 7 weeks?

A

beings to differentiate into sex

105
Q

What gender is the basic blue print of all embryos?

A

female

106
Q

What is the main androgen?

A

testosterone

107
Q

Where are androgens produced?

A

in the testicles

108
Q

What do androgens influence?

A

male development

109
Q

what does a lack of androgens cause?

A

female development

110
Q

Where to the testicles begin?

A

high in abdomen

111
Q

Where to the ovaries begin?

A

high in abdomen

112
Q

Where do the testicles descend?

A

scrotal sac

113
Q

where do the ovaries descend?

A

into the pelvis

114
Q

what happens in the testicles don’t descend?

A
  • may correct early in life
  • moved surgically
  • risk of cancer or sterility
115
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the glans of the clit

A

glans of the penis

116
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the shaft of clit

A

shaft of penis

117
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the hood of clit

A

foreskin

118
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the labia majora

A

scrotal sac

119
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the labia minora

A

underside of penile shaft

120
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the skene’s glands

A

prostate glands

121
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the bartholin’s glands

A

cowpers glands

122
Q

What male organ is equivalent to the ovaries?

A

testes

123
Q

Describe the mons veneris

A

fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clit

124
Q

Describe the labia majora

A

large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva

125
Q

What is the function of the labia majora?

A

amply supplied with nerve endings that respond to stimulation, also shield inner portion of female genitals

126
Q

What is the function of the mons veneris?

A

cushions a women’s body during intercourse

127
Q

Describe the labia minora?

A

2 hairless, light colored membranes located between major lips, surround urethral and vaginal opening, at the top they form the prepuce (hood) of the clit

128
Q

What is the function of the labia minora?

A

rich in blood vessels and nerve ending, highly sensitive

when stimulated they darken and swell

129
Q

Describe the clit?

A

female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethra opening

130
Q

What is the function of the clit?

A

no function other than SEXUAL

131
Q

Describe the precupe of the clit?

A

hood covering clitoral shaft

132
Q

What is another name for the vaginal opening?

A

introitus

133
Q

Describe the hymen?

A

fold of tissue across vaginal opening- usually present at birth and remains partially intact until intercourse

134
Q

Describe the pubo coccygeus muscle?

A

muscles that encircle entrance to vagina

kegels!

135
Q

How long is the vagina at rest?

A

3-5 inches

136
Q

Where does the period flow and babies go?

A

from uterus to outer world via vagina

137
Q

Where is the cervix?

A

lower end of uterus

138
Q

What does the cervix produce?

A

secretions that contribute to chemical balances

139
Q

How big is the opening of the cervix?

A

the width of a straw

140
Q

What does the cervix do during birth?

A

Expands to permit passage of the baby

141
Q

What happens in the uterus?

A

where the fertilized ovum impants and develops until birth

142
Q

Which direction does the uterus tip?

A

tips forward (anteverted)

143
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uterus?

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. cervix
144
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

innermost layer of uterus

145
Q

Fill in the blank: the endometrium is supplied with ______ and _______

A

the endometrium is supplied with blood vessels and glands

146
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

tissue may grow in abdominal cavity or elsewhere in the reproductive system, most common S&S is menstrual pain

can lead to infertility

147
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

2nd well muscled layer, endows uterus with flexibility and strength and causes contractions

148
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

Fibrous 3rd or outermost layer

provides external cover

149
Q

What do the fallopian tubes connect?

A

ovary to uterus

150
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

serves to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and the sperm from the uterus to the ovary

151
Q

What are the parts of the fallopian tubes

in order from nearest the uterus

A

isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum - fimbriae

152
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

almond shaped organs that are 1.5 inches long

153
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Ova, estrogen and progesterone

154
Q

What is a hysterectomy?

A

surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
performed to reduce cancer risk

155
Q

What does each breast contain?

A

15-20 clusters of mammary glands

156
Q

Where do mammary glands open?

A

at the nipple through its own duct

157
Q

Where do the nipples lie?

A

in the center of the areola

158
Q

What causes hard nipples?

A

smooth muscle fibers

159
Q

What happens to the areola in pregnancy?

A

darkens and stays dark afterwards

160
Q

What happens in the breasts during breast feeding?

A

oil producing glands in areola help lubricate nipples during breast feeding

161
Q

Review some diagrams

A

do it do it do it

162
Q

Describe the penis?

A

male organ of sex, contains opening thru which semen and urine pass

163
Q

Describe the corpus cavernosum?

A

cylinders of spongy tissue in penis that fills with blood and stiffens during sexual arousal

164
Q

Describe the corpus spongisum?

A

spongy body that runs along bottom of penis, contains penile urethra and enlarges at the tip to form glans

165
Q

Describe the corona

A

ridge that seperates glans from penile body

166
Q

Describe the frenulum

A

sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft

167
Q

Describe the scrotum

A

pouch of loose skin (hairy in puberty) contains 2 compartments that hold the testes

168
Q

Describe the spermatic cord

A

contains the vas deferns and cremaster muscles

169
Q

Describe the dartos muscl

A

middle layer of scrotum

170
Q

What are the functions of the testes?

A

secrete sex hormones and produce germ cells (sperm)

171
Q

Where is testosterone secreted?

A

by the interstitial cells (also called leydig’s cells)

172
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

stimulates prenatal differentiation of male sex organs, sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics

173
Q

Where does the epididymis empty?

A

the vas deferns

174
Q

describe the vas deferns

A

a thin cylindrical tube ~ 16 inches long and serves as conduit for mature sperm

175
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

operation in which the left and right vas deferns are severed

176
Q

what are the seminal vesicles

A

~2 inch long small glands

177
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles lay

A

in behind bladder and open into ejaculatory ducts

178
Q

Describe the fluids that the seminal vesicles produce

A
  • rich in fructose

- mix with sperm

179
Q

Where does the prostate gland lay?

A

beneath the bladder and ~3/4 inches in diameter (chesnut shape)

180
Q

What does the prostate gland contains and secrete?

A

contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue that secretes prostatic fluid (milky and alkaline- semen texture and color)

181
Q

Where are the cowper’s glands located?

A

below prostate

182
Q

What is another name for the cowper’s glands?

A

bulbourethral glands

183
Q

What do the cowpers glands do

A

empty secretions into urthera

during sexual arousal they secret a drop of lear. slipper fluid that appears at the urtheral opening unknown function)

184
Q

Review some diagrams!!

A

right now

185
Q

What are the 4 steps that Masters and Johnson describe in the sexual response cycle?

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
186
Q

What are the 3 phases of the sexual response that Kaplan describes?

A
  1. desire
  2. excitement
  3. orgasm
187
Q

Describe the key parts of desire?

A
  • drive and interest
  • testosterone key in both genders
  • arises in brain
  • strengthened by fantasy and appropriate stimulation of all senses
188
Q

Describe the key parts of excitement?

A
  • increase in muscle tension, HR and BP

- sex flush and nipple erection

189
Q

Describe the key parts of female excitement?

A
  • engorgement of clit, labia and vagina

- vaginal lubrication, elevation and uterus/breast enlargement

190
Q

Describe the key parts of male excitement?

A
  • experience penile erection, enlargement and teste elevation
  • cowper’s gland may secrete
191
Q

Describe the key parts of the plateau

A

increased myotonia (muscle tension), hyperventilation, increased HR and BP

192
Q

Describe the key parts of the women’s plateau phase

A
  • clit withdraws under hood
  • labia minora deepens in color
  • orgasmic platform forms in vagina
  • uterus = fully elevated
  • areolas = swollen
193
Q

Describe the key parts of the men’s plateau phase

A
  • corona fully engorged
  • testes elevated and enlarged
  • cowper’s glands = active
194
Q

Describe the key parts of the orgasm phase

A
  • involuntary muscle spasms (most significant in vagina and penis)
  • BP, HR and RR peak
  • slightly longer in women
195
Q

What are the 2 orgasm stages in males?

A
  1. emission

2. expulsion

196
Q

Describe the emission stage of the male orgasm

A
  • contraction of prostate, seminal vesicles and upper vas deferens (ampulla)
  • force of contractions propels seminal fluid into prostatic part of urethral tract (small tube called urtheral bulb)
  • balloons out as muscle close- trapping semen
197
Q

Describe the expulsion stage of the male orgasm

A
  • propulsion of semen thru urethra and out of urethra at tip
  • muscles at base of penis and around contract rhythmically and forcefully to expel semen
  • generally accompanied by highly pleasurable orgasm sensations
198
Q

What is retrograde ejaculation?

A

ejaculate empties into bladder (external sphincter doesn’t open)
only some men experience

199
Q

Fill in the blanks: _____ demonstrate a wider variability in their _____ response patternes

A

females demonstrate a wider variability in their sexual response patterns

200
Q

Fill in the blanks: _____ orgasms occur with _____ frequency in females

A

multiple orgasms occur with greater frequency in females

201
Q

what is one of the most profound differences in orgasms between men and women

A

males have the refractory period

202
Q

What is a male circumcision?

A

surgical removal of precupe (foreskin)

203
Q

What does the male circumcision fully expose?

A

glans of penis

204
Q

What are the reasons for male circumcision?

A

hygiene, religion or culture

205
Q

Where is female circumcision done?

A

africa, middle east, indonesia, Malaysia and australia?

206
Q

What are the 3 types of female circumcision?

A
  1. removal of hood of clit
  2. removal of entire clit
  3. removal of entire clit, labia minora and parts of majora (remaining majora pulled over vaginal opening and stitched closed- vagina is closed except for v small opening)
207
Q

What is the average age that female circumcision occurs?

A

7

208
Q

What happens when someone with a full female circumcision has sex for the first time?

A

Vagina must be opened with penis, knife or nails

209
Q

What are the reasons for female circumcision?

A

economic, sexual control of women, religion, culture, cosmetic or curative

210
Q

What is menstruation?

A

cycial bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) when fertilization hasn’t occurred

211
Q

Is menstruation usually viewed positively or negatively?

A

negatively.. “the curse”

212
Q

What are the 5 common taboos related to menstruation?

A
  1. ban on sex during
  2. restrictions on activities and contact with others during
  3. taboo against contact with men’s ritual equipment or weaponry during
  4. taboos against cooking or handling food during
  5. total seclusion in special living area during
213
Q

What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

A

combo of bodily and psychological S&S that afflict women during 4-6 days before period

214
Q

How many women are affected by PMS?

A

3 out of 4

215
Q

What are the common S&S of PMS?

A
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • irritability
  • weight gain from fluid retention
  • abdominal discomfort
216
Q

fill in the blanks: ____% of women experience PMS so _______ that it impacts their _______, academic or ________ functioning

A

10% of women experience PMS so severe that it impacts their social, academic or occupational functioning

217
Q

When should PAPs start to be done?

A

late teens or when sexually active

218
Q

How often should PAPs be done?

A

Annually or every 1-3 years

219
Q

What are the 2 reasons to do PAPs more frequently?

A
  • women is on birth control

- women is over 35 years old

220
Q

What are the assessments to check for cervical cancer?

A

external and internal exam, PAP, vaginal discharge testing

221
Q

What should a women check for in relation to cervical cancer?

A

pelvic area for any abnormalities in color or size

222
Q

What should a women inform her doctor about in relation to cervical cancer?

A

unusual discharge or pain

223
Q

When should a breast self exam be done?

A

once a month (1 week before period)

224
Q

What should a women check for in a breast self exam?

A

lumps, hard knots, thickening

any noticeable changes

225
Q

What motion should a women use during a breast self exam?

A

circular

226
Q

What is the frequency of a mammogram and when does it start?

A

annually after age 50 or 40 if there is a family hx

227
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ cancer in men is the most common between ages _______

A

testicular cancer in men is the most common between ages 29-35

228
Q

When should a testicular self exam be done?

A

Once a month after bath or shower (scrotum = relaxed)

229
Q

What are the 4 warnings signs of testicular cancer?

A
  1. slight enlargement of 1 teste
  2. change in teste consistency
  3. dull ache in lower abdomen or groin (could be no pain)
  4. sensation of dragging or heaviness in testicles
230
Q

What is the rate of prostate cancer?

A

1 in 8 men

231
Q

What is the #2 cancer in men?

A

prostate

232
Q

Fill in the blanks: ____ cancer in men is more common than ____ cancer in women

A

prostate cancer in men is more common than breast cancer in women

233
Q

What are the early S&S of benign prostate enlargement?

A
  • urinary frequency
  • difficulty urinating
  • blood in urine
  • pain or burning with urination
  • pain in lower back
  • no S&S
234
Q

When are tests recommended for prostate cancer and what are the tests?

A

40 years old

annual rectal exam and blood test

Human Sexuality (15 decks)

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