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Haematology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematology

A

Study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases

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2
Q

what is blood

A

specialised fluid (technically tissue) composed of cells suspended in liquid plasma

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3
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum

A

plasma contains clotting factors

serum does NOT contain clotting factors

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4
Q

what are the main types of blood cells

A

RBC
WBC
platelets

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5
Q

What is haematopoeisis

A

production of blood cells

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6
Q

Where does haematopoeisis in the adult occur and by which cells

A 
bone marrow (axial skeleton)
pluripotent stem cells
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7
Q

where is the site of haematopoeisis in the embryo

A

yolk sac
then liver
(spleen additionally)

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8
Q

where is the site of haematopoeisis at birth

A

bone marrow primarily

liver and spleen when needed

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9
Q

what happens to bone marrow during growth

A

number of active sites of bone marrow decrease but still retain ability

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10
Q

Function of stem cells

A

self renewal
proliferation
differentiation
majority sit in a quiescent state

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11
Q

which cell is the first in the haematopoeitic tree

A

haematopoeitic stem cell HSC

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12
Q

what is a CMP in the haematopoeitic tree

A

common myeloid precursor

gives rise to RBC, platelets, granulocytes, macrophages

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13
Q

what is a CLP in the haematopoeitic tree

A

common lymphoid precursor

gives rise to T cell, B cell and NK cell

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14
Q

what happens to the cells through granulopoeisis

A

cells get smaller

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15
Q

what is erythropoeisis and where does it occur

A

RBC production

bone marrow

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16
Q

what happens to the nuclei of the cells as they progress through erythropoeisis

A

nuclei get smaller and eventually vanish

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17
Q

when a red cell just enters the bloodstream from the bone marrow, what is it called

A

reticulocyte

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18
Q

what is a reticulocyte

A

immature RBC

hangs around in blood for 2-3 days before turning into a mature red cell

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19
Q

reticulocytes contain RNA, true or false

A

TRUE

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20
Q

erythrocytes/mature red cells contain RNA, true or false

A

FALSE

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21
Q

What is the precursor cell for platelets

A

megakaryocytes

22
Q

what is unique about megakaryocytes

A

they are big cells that undergo nuclei divisions but not cytoplasm divisions

23
Q

how do megakaryocytes form platelets

A

parts of the cytoplasm bud off to form platelets

24
Q

immature megakaryocytes have fewer/more nuclei than mature ones

A

fewer

25
Q

what are granulocytes

give examples

A

contain granules that can be seen with staining under light microscopy
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

26
Q

how do neutrophils stain

A

neutrally - mixed, bit of both

27
Q

describe the appearance of a neutrophil

A 
segmented nucleus (multi-lobed)
aka polymorph
28
Q

describe the function of a neutrophil

A

circulates in the blood ~8-10 hours
enters tissue to flag up inflammation and fight acute infection
phagocytosis
create pus and cause liquefaction

29
Q

give causes of neutrophilia

A

infection
trauma
infarction
corticosteroids

30
Q

why do corticosteroids cause neutrophilia

A

they impair their ability to bind to the endothelium and cross over, so instead of being found at the margin, neutrophils are found in the centre of the vessel

31
Q

how do eosinophils stain

A

bright orange / red

32
Q

describe the appearance of an eosinophil

A

bi-lobed nucleus with a bright red cytoplasm

33
Q

function of an eosinophil

A

fights parasitic infection

involved in hypersensitivity and atopy - asthma, eczema, hayfever

34
Q

how do basophils stain

A

dark purple

35
Q

appearance of a basophil

A

dark purple cytoplasm which obscures appearance of the nucleus

36
Q

function of a basophil

A

similar to mast cells

granules contain histamine

37
Q

Describe appearance of a monocyte

A

1 large nucleus that is NOT dense

blue cytoplasm

38
Q

function of monocyte

A

circulates in blood for 1 week
enters tissue to become macrophage (or equivalent)
phagocytosis and antigen presenting to lymphocytes
attract other cells

39
Q

neutrophils are more long lived than macrophages, true or false

A

false

40
Q

where are these cells found:
Kupffer
Microglia
Langerhans

A

Liver
CNS
Skin

41
Q

how can lymphocytes be classified according to appearance

A

mature

activated / atypical

42
Q

describe the appearance of a mature lymphocyte

A

small

condensed nucleus with a rim of cytoplasm

43
Q

describe the appearance of an activated/atypical lymphocyte

A

large
more open nucleus
plentiful blue cytoplasm

44
Q

what does the presence of an activated lymphocyte suggest?

A

viral infection eg EBV, HIV, viral hepatitis

45
Q

what can lymphocytes differentiate into

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

46
Q

what are the types of T cells and their function

A

CD4+ T cell: helps B cells turn into plasma cells
activate CD8+ cells and macrophages

CD8+ T cell: destroy infected/tumour cells

47
Q

CD4+ is activated by MHC 1/2

CD8+ is activated by MHC 1/2

A

CD4+ - MHC II

CD8+ - MHC I

48
Q

how can you identify primitive precursors in the haematopoeitic tree

A

immunophenotyping - identifying proteins on cell surface

bio-assays - growing cells in culture to identify lineage

49
Q

where can you take a bone marrow aspiration from

A

posterior iliac crests (preferred)

sternum

50
Q

what is a trephine biopsy

A

core biopsy of bone marrow which allows you to see bone marrow in situ

Haematology (26 decks)

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