Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Haematology > Concepts in malignant haematology and acute leukaemia > Flashcards

Concepts in malignant haematology and acute leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the kinetics of normal haemopoeisis

A 
Self renewal 
Proliferation 
Differentiation/lineage commitment 
Maturation 
Apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can you identify normal mature non-lymphoid cells

A

Morphology eg blood film
cell surface antigens
enzyme expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how can you identify normal progenitors/stem cells

A

cell surface antigens through immunophenotyping

cell culture assays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define malignant haemopoeisis

A

increased numbers of abnormal or dysfunctional cells

ie loss of normal haemopoeisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the abnormalities in haemopoeitic kinetics that lead to malignancy

A

increased proliferation

decreased: differentiation, maturation, apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the pathophysiology behind acute leukaemia

A

proliferation of abnormal progenitors with a block in differentiation/maturation
eg common myeloid progenitors proliferate but do not differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in chronic leukaemia, there is proliferation of abnormal progenitors with/without blocking of differentiation

A

without

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are ‘clones’

A

population of cells derived from a single parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Driver mutations can select ‘clones’

true or false

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why can genetic markers be detected in clones

A

because the parent cell has a genetic marker (chromosomal abnormality, driver mutation …) that is shared by the daughter cells
clones can diversify but still contain a similar genetic backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal haemopoeisis is polycloncal/monoclonal

Malignant haemopoeisis is polycloncal/monoclonal

A 
normal = polyclonal 
malignant = monoclonal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the difference between driver and passenger mutations

A

driver mutations confer a growth advantage on cells selected during cancer evolution
passenger cells dont, they just happen to be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how can you classify haematological malignancies

A

based on:
lineage
developmental stage
anatomical site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can haematological malignancies be classified according to lineage

A

myeloid

lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can haematological malignancies be classified according to developmental stage

A

example:
Pro B stage –> acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
B cell stage –> chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia
Plasma cell stage –> myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can haematological malignancies be classified according to anatomical site

A

blood involvement = leukaemia

lymph node involvement with lymphoid malignancy = lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CLL only involves blood, true or false

A

false

CLL can involve blood and lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which are more aggressive?
Acute leukaemias + high grade lymphomas OR
chronic leukaemias + low grade lymphomas

A

Acute leukaemias + high grade lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are histological features of aggression

A

large cells
high N:C ratio
prominent nucleoli
rapid proliferation

20
Q

which presents with bone marrow failure, acute or chronic leukaemia

A

acute

21
Q

define myeloma

A

neoplastic disease of plasma cells in the bone marrow

22
Q

define lymphoma

A

neoplastic disorder of mature lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues

23
Q

define acute leukaemia

A

neoplastic disorder of immature ‘blasts’ in bone marrow

24
Q

what are the subtypes of acute leukaemia

A

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) - lymphoid lineage

acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) - myeloid lineage

25
Q

define chronic leukaemia

A

neoplastic disorder of mature white blood cells in bone marrow

26
Q

what are the subtypes of chronic leukaemia

A

chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia (CLL) - lymphoid lineage

chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) - myeloid lineage

27
Q

what are myeloproliferative disorders

A

group of neoplastic disorders involving bone marrow cells that produce RBC, platelets and fibroblasts

28
Q

what are the subtypes of myeloproliferative disorders

A

Polycythaemia Rubra Vera - ^ RBC
Essential Thrombocythaemia - ^ platelets
Myelofibrosis

29
Q

define myelodysplasia

A

pre cancerous disease of bone marrow where dysplastic cells may produce abnormal or inadequate blood cells

30
Q

describe acute leukaemia

A

rapidly progressing clonal malignancy of bone marrow/blood with maturation defects
there is an excess of ‘blasts’ >=20%

31
Q

what is ALL

A

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

malignant disease of lymphoblasts (primitive lymphoid cells)

32
Q

what is the most common childhood cancer

A

ALL

33
Q

what are features of ALL

A

marrow failure: anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, leukopaenia
extramedullary involvement eg testis, CNS
bone pain

34
Q

what is AML

A

acute myeloid leukaemia

malignancy of myeloblasts (primitive myeloid cells)

35
Q

features of AML

A

disease of the elderly
marrow failure
may be de novo or secondary

36
Q

what are Auer rods and in which condition are they seen

A

rod shaped cytoplasmic aggregates of granules

AML

37
Q

what investigations can be done for leukaemia

A 
FBC
Blood film 
Coagulation screen 
Bone marrow analysis: 
- morphology 
- immunophenotyping with flow cytometry 
- genetics 
- trephine
38
Q

what is needed to make a definitive diagnosis of leukaemia

A

immunophenotyping with flow cytometry

it can differentiate between AML and ALL

39
Q

what is the main treatment option for leukaemia

A

multi agent chemotherapy

40
Q

how long can treatment last in ALL

A

up to 2-3 years

41
Q

describe treatment in AML

A

intensive, prolonged hospitalisation

2-4 cycles of chemo

42
Q

what is a Hickman line, what is it used for

A

central venous catheter CVC

used to administer chemotherapy

43
Q

what are consequences of bone marrow suppression

A

Anaemia (reduced erythropoeisis)
Bleeding, bruising, petechiae from thrombocytopaenia
INFECTION from neutropaenia

44
Q

which type of bacteria can lead to fulminant life threatening sepsis in neutropaenic patients

A

Gram -ve bacteria

45
Q

what are other side effects of chemo

A 
N+V
hair loss 
liver/renal dysfunction 
tumour lysis syndrome 
infertility 
cardiomyopathy
46
Q

what kind of infections are patients prone to with chemo

A

bacterial - give broad spectrum antibiotics if neutropaenic fever
fungal - if unresponsive to antibiotics
protozoal eg PJP

47
Q

what is the outcome for patients after chemo

A

many go into remission
many relapse
some die from treatment related toxicity

Haematology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions