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Haematology > Blood transfusion > Flashcards

Blood transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

Requirements for being a blood donor

A

healthy
17-65 years old
not anaemic
weight >50kg

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2
Q

how is blood processed to be analysed

A

it is centrifuged to separate into component parts

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3
Q

what is blood tested for in microbiology

A 
HIV
HBV
HCV
HEV
HTLV
syphilis
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4
Q

how are red cells stored

A

4 degrees for 35 days

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5
Q

how is FFP stored

A

-30 degrees for 3 years

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6
Q

how are platelets stored

A

22 degrees for 7 days

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7
Q

what is FFP

A

fresh frozen plasma

contains clotting factors

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8
Q

list blood components from the lab

A

red cells
platelets
FFP
cryoprecipitate

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9
Q

what is cryoprecipitate

A

derivative of FFP with fibrinogen

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10
Q

list blood products from the lab

A

anti-D

prothrombin complex concentrate

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11
Q

what is prothrombin complex concentrate used for

A

warfarin overdose

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12
Q

list pharmacy blood products from the lab

A

IVIG
human albumin
specific Ig eg VZV

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13
Q

where do RBCs display antigens

A

on their cell surface

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14
Q

on which chromosome are the genes for ABO system found

A

9

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15
Q

what do the A and B genes code for and what is the purpose

A

transferases which modify the H substance precursor on RBC membranes

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16
Q

A + B are dominant over O

true or false

A

true

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17
Q

A is dominant over B

true or false

A

false

A+B are co-dominant

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18
Q

O is silent

true or false

A

true

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19
Q

what is the genotype of Group A

A

AA or AO

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20
Q

what is the genotype of Group B

A

BB or BO

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21
Q

what is the genotype of Group AB

A

AB

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22
Q

what is the genotype of Group O

A

OO

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23
Q

which antigens are present on RBC in Group A

A

A

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24
Q

which antigens are present on RBC in Group B

A

B

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25
Q

which antigens are present on RBC in Group AB

A

A + B

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26
Q

which antigens are present on RBC in Group O

A

none

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27
Q

how many ABO genes do you inherit from each parent

A

1 from each

28
Q

what is Landsteiners law

A

when an individual lacks A or B antigen, the corresponding antibody is made in the plasma

29
Q

Which antibody is present in the plasma in Group A

A

anti-B

30
Q

Which antibody is present in the plasma in Group B

A

anti-A

31
Q

Which antibody is present in the plasma in Group AB

A

none

32
Q

Which antibody is present in the plasma in Group O

A

anti-A and anti-B

33
Q

Group O blood can be given to only group O, true or false

A

false

it can be given to all blood group types

34
Q

Group AB can receive all blood groups and only give to Group AB, true or false

A

true

35
Q

Group AB has anti-A and anti-B, true or false

A

FALSE

Group AB has no antibodies

36
Q

describe genetic inheritance in the RhD system

A

2 alleles - 1 from each parent
D is dominant (positive)
d is silent (negative)

37
Q

what is the genotype of RhD+

A

DD or Dd

38
Q

what is the genotype of RhD-

A

dd

39
Q

RhD is very immunogenic, what does this mean

A

it doesn’t take a lot of RhD+ blood to cause a RhD- person to make antibodies

40
Q

in terms of blood transfusion, what is the best RhD status to give to a RhD- person

A

RhD- blood to a RhD- person

41
Q

what are antigens

A

proteins expressed on cell surface

42
Q

what are antibodies

A

formed in response to antigens that are not expressed on your cells

43
Q

what are the aims of pre transfusion testing

A

aim to identify ABO and RhD group

aim to identify clinically significant RBC antibodies

44
Q

what are the 2 techniques for ABO testing

A

antisera

reagent red cells

45
Q

what is antisera test

A

tests the patients own RBC with standard reagent of known specificity - antiA, B, D

46
Q

what is reagent red cell test

A

testing the patients own plasma with reagent RBC of known specificity - either Group A or B

47
Q

what is agglutination

A

when antibodies bind to antigens and cause clumping

48
Q

what does antisera identify

A

presence of antigens on patients RBCs

49
Q

what does reagents red cell test identify

A

presence of antibodies in the patients plasma

50
Q

what is antibody screening

A

tests patients plasma with a range of reagent RBC of known antigens

51
Q

what is the purpose of antibody screening

A

to identify antibodies in patients plasma that could react to donor blood

52
Q

how is antibody screening done

A

indirect anti-globulin test IAT

53
Q

what is done in an indirect anti-globulin test

A

patient plasma is added to reagent RBCs
then anti-human globulin is added
then you look for agglutination

54
Q

what does it mean if there is agglutination in antibody screening/IAT

A

antibodies are present due to previous sensitisation to foreign antigens that the body does not have

55
Q

what is crossmatch testing and how is it done

A

done with IAT to identify if donor blood is compatible with patient plasma

56
Q

do you want to see agglutination in crossmatch testing

A

NO - this means donor cells are incompatible with patient plasma

57
Q

what suggests compatibility in crossmatch testing

A

no agglutination

58
Q

what are indications for red cell transfusion

A

symptomatic anaemia <70 (<80 with cardiac disease)

major bleeding

59
Q

what are indications for platelet transfusion

A

bleeding in someone with thrombocytopaenia
prophylaxis in someone with bone marrow failure and thrombocytopaenia
prophylaxis prior to surgery in someone with thrombocytopaenia

60
Q

what are indications for FFP transfusion

A

bleeding in someone with coagulopathy
prophylaxis prior to surgery in someone with coagulopathy
massive haemorrhage

61
Q

when should you not use FFP

A

in the absence of bleeding or planned procedure

62
Q

what is the single most important thing to do when carrying out blood transfusion

A

positive patient identification at all times!!!

63
Q

when should the blood bottle be filled in

A

at the bedside immediately after obtaining blood

64
Q

when should patient observations be carried out during transfusion

A

before transfusion
15 min into transfusion
hourly
within 60 min of completion

65
Q

mild fever is a worrying sign in transfusion

true or false

A

false

need to keep close eye on patient and can give paracetamol

Haematology (26 decks)

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