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Haematology > Concepts in haematology > Flashcards

Concepts in haematology Flashcards

1
Q

what are causes of low blood count

A

increased destruction/loss: haemorrhage, haemolysis
reduced production: chemo, parovirus B19
redistribution: liver disease, portal hypertension, splenomegaly

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2
Q

what are causes of high blood count

A

increased production with stimulus: infection, hypoxia, high altitude, COPD
increased production with no stimulus: malignancy
redistribution: steroids

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3
Q

-cytosis / -philia = high/low count

A

high

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4
Q

-paenia = high/low count

A

low

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5
Q

what is the difference between thrombocytosis and thrombophilia

A 
thrombocytosis = increased platelets 
thrombophilia = excess clotting
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6
Q

what underlying malignancies may be present with an isolated thrombocytosis

A 
LEGO C
lung 
endometrial 
gastric 
oesoophageal 
colorectal
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7
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increased production

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8
Q

define dysplasia

A

disordered production

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9
Q

define hypoplasia

A

decreased production

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10
Q

define aplasia

A

no production

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11
Q

what is the erythron

A

intact cellular mechanism generating RBCs

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12
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

immature RBC just released into the bloodstream from bone marrow

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13
Q

what is the function of B12 and folate

A

cell division: DNA synthesis and nuclear maturation

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14
Q

what is the function of iron

A

to make haem

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15
Q

which organ detects hypoxia

A

kidneys

release EPO in response

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16
Q

what is erythroid hyperplasia

A

increased production in RBCs

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17
Q

thrombocytosis is common with microcytic anaemia, true or false

A

true

18
Q

what is low serum ferritin suggestive of

A

iron deficiency

19
Q

what is serum ferritin

A

an indirect reflection of tissue ferritin which stores Fe3+

ferritin is also an acute phase protein

20
Q

causes of high serum ferritin

A

high iron levels

inflammation, infection

21
Q

how can you assess response to iron replacement therapy in iron deficiency anaemia

A

reticulocyte count should increase

Hb levels

22
Q

what is extramedullary haematopoeisis

A

blood cell production outside the bone marrow

23
Q

what is a complication of regular blood transfusions

A

iron overload

24
Q

what are spherocytes

A

circular RBCs, not biconcave in shape

25
Q

what is hereditary spherocytosis

A

genetic condition with abnormal proteins in RBC membrane resulting in spherical shape
jaundice and fatigue following a cold

26
Q

what investigations can be done for haemolysis

A 
FBC
bilirubin - high 
LDH - marker of cell turnover 
Haptoglobin - binds free Hb 
reticulocytes - high 
antibodies by DAT
27
Q

Haptoglobin is low/high in haemolysis, and why

A

low
haptoglobin binds free iron, if there is a lot of iron from haemolysis then a lot of haptoglobin is used up meaning FREE haptoglobin is low

28
Q

what is IAT testing

A

indirect anti-globulin test

- used for crossmatching

29
Q

what is DAT

A

direct anti-globulin test

- autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

30
Q

spherocytes have a shorter lifespan, true or false

A

true

31
Q

splenectomy increases/decreases RBC lifespan

A

increases

the spleen is where RBC are destroyed, if it is not there, they hang around for longer

32
Q

risks of splenectomy/hyposplenism

A

infection and immunosuppresion
risks of clots
big operation
need vaccinations before

33
Q

What is meant by reactive changes on the blood count

A

from underlying inflammatory changes or iron deficiency you can get neutrophilia, leucocytosis, thrombocytosis

34
Q

What can cause a high Hb/Hct

A

dehydration (rule out hypovolaemia, DKA, diuretics)
cigarette smoking
high altitude
COPD

35
Q

what is anisocytosis

A

how large red cell distribution width is (RDW)

36
Q

causes of neutrophilia

A 
steroids
smoking 
trauma 
infection 
malignancy
37
Q

what is rouleaux

A

stacked/clumped RBCs due to presence of acute phase proteins in inflammatory conditions eg autoimmune

38
Q

what is pancytopaenia

A

reduced blood cells all over

39
Q

what is anisopoikilocytosis and in which condition is it seen

A

red blood cells are of different sizes and shapes
aniso = size
poikilo = shape
B thalassaemia major

40
Q

what are crenated red cells (echinocytes)

A

abnormally contracted cells - look shrivelled (eg when placed in a hypertonic solution)
PK deficiency
drugs

41
Q

why do you get splenomegaly

A

presence of defective cells causes them to be destroyed which is done in the spleen - hyperplasia at site of destruction
extravascular haemolysis
thalamssaemia

Haematology (26 decks)

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