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Haematology > Haemopoeisis > Flashcards

Haemopoeisis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoeisis

A

formation of blood cells

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2
Q

what is erythropoeisis

A

formation of RBCs

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3
Q

what is myelopoeisis

A

formation of white blood cells - granulocytes and monocytes

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4
Q

what is lymphopoeisis

A

formation of lymphocytes

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5
Q

what is thrombopoeisis

A

formation of platelets

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6
Q

in the steady state, cell loss is balanced by cell production, true or false

A

true

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7
Q

what is the normal average lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

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8
Q

what is the normal average lifespan of neutrophils

A

7-8 hours

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9
Q

what is the normal average lifespan of platelets

A

7-10 days

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10
Q

what are “blasts”

give examples

A

nucleated precursor cells
erythroblasts
myeloblasts

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11
Q

what are megakaryocytes

A

polyploid platelet precursor cells

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12
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

immediate mature RBC precursor

polychromatic

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13
Q

what are myelocytes

A

nucleated precursor between neutrophils and “blasts”

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14
Q

stem cells are dormant/active during steady state haemopoeisis

A

dormant

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15
Q

what are the steps in the haemopoeitic tree

A 
Self renewal 
Proliferation 
Differentiation/lineage commitment 
Maturation 
Apoptosis
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16
Q

from which germ layer do haemopoeitic stem cells arise

A

mesoderm

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17
Q

where is the first site of haemopoeisis in a foetus

A

yolk sac

stops at week 10

18
Q

in the foetus, where is another site of haemopoeisis at week 6

A

liver

19
Q

at week 16 in the foetus, what is another site of haemopoeisis

A

bone marrow

20
Q

where is haemopoeisis in an adult

A

in the bone marrow of the axial skeleton, pelvis and proximal long bones

21
Q

where would you take a bone marrow biopsy from in:
adults
children

A

adults - posterior iliac crest

children - proximal anterior tibia

22
Q

what is bone marrow

A

complex organ with a shell of bone and a neurovascular supply

23
Q

what are the 3 main compartments of bone marrow

A

cellular
vascular
connective tissue stroma

24
Q

what are the cellular components of bone marrow

A

haemopoeitic

non-haemopoeitic: adipose, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, fibroblasts

25
Q

describe the vasculature of bone marrow

A

network of thin walled fenestrated sinusoidal vessels

it is supplied by a nutrient artery

26
Q

what is the difference between venous sinuses and capillaries

A

venous sinuses are larger and have a discontinuous basement membrane (sinusoidal)

27
Q

what are sinusoids and where can you find them

A

irregular blood filled spaces with extra large fenestrations to allow passage of proteins/blood cells
endothelial cells do not overlap each other
found in bone marrow, liver and spleen

28
Q

describe the process of RBC leaving the bone marrow

A

they leave through sinusoids (fenestrations in endothelial cells) to enter circulation
this is associated with sinusoidal dilatation and increased blood flow
neutrophils actively migrate to the sinusoid
megakaryocytes extend branches called proplatelets into sinusoidal blood vessels

29
Q

what is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow

A 
red = haemopoeitically active 
yellow = fatty, inactive, increases with age
30
Q

what is the myeloid:erythrocyte ratio
(M:E ratio)
what is the benefit and what is the normal ratio

A

compares number of nucleated precursors of myeloid and erythroid cells
it allows us to look at the production of these
normally M:E is 1.5-3.3:1

31
Q

why can the M:E ratio be reversed

A

in haemolysis

as the bone marrow is trying to make more red cells to compensate

32
Q

how is haemopoeisis regulated

A

Intrinsic properties of the cell
Microenvironmental factors/signals
Anatomical location “niche” for optimal developmental signals

33
Q

where are macrophages nursed in haemopoeisis

A

erythrocyte islands

34
Q

what is G-CSF and what is its function

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

regulates neutrophil precursor

35
Q

which hormone regulates growth of megakaryocytes from their precursor

A

thrombopoeitin

36
Q

where is the haemopoeitic stem cell niche located and how can it be affected

A

niche is located around vasculature to provide access to cytokines
can be altered by disease or treatments

37
Q

what investigations are done for mature non-lymphoid cells

A

FBC
cell indices
blood film
bone marrow aspiration

38
Q

what investigation is done for mature lymphoid cells

A

immunophenotyping

39
Q

what is immunophenotyping

A

study of antigen expression unique to a lineage using specific antibodies

40
Q

how is immunohistochemistry measured

A

flow cytometry

Haematology (26 decks)

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