Introduction Flashcards
used urine culture of anthrax bacilli
antibiosis
pasteur and joubert
prototype macrolide
alternative when patient is allergic to penicillin
erythromycin
DOC for dermatophytic infections
griseofulvin
antifungal that is used for systemic fungal infections like systemic candidiasis
amphotericin B
drug used for localized fungal infection
ketoconazole
DOC for herpes
acyclovir
DOC for viral influenza type A
amantadine
first drug for HIV
Zidovudine
DOC for amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis
metronidazole
alternative DOC for ascariasis
pyrantel pamoate
bacteriostatic drugs
TTECCS
trimethoprim tetracycline erythromycin clindamycin chloramphenicol sulfonamides
bactericidal drugs
BAG FluRiMet
Beta lactams
aminoglycosides
glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin)
Fluoroquinolones
rifampicin
metronidazole
is static against gram negative roda
is cidal against other organisms such as S. pneumoniae
chloramphenicol
may only be bacteriostatic at lower concentration, but becomes bactericidal at higher dose
macrolides
erythromycin and azithromycin
both compounds are bacteriostatic but in combination, they become cidal against many pathogens
cotrimoxazole
trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
maximum killing effect depends on concentration achieved in the plasma
has post antibiotic effect
concentration dependent
maximum killing effect is dependent on time achieved
no post antibiotic effect
time dependent
a persistent suppression of microbial growth that occurs alter levels of antibiotic have fallen below the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC)
post antibiotic effect
drugs under concentration dependent killing
AFA
aminoglycosides
fluoroquinolones
azithromycin
drugs under time dependent killing
orhers. HAHA
used in certain entities where it is difficult to identify the pathogen or for the sake of public health
empiric therapy
standard method used for determining levels of microbial resistance to ab antimicrobial agent
tube dilution test
under dilution method, it is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that inhibits bacterial growth
minimum inhibition concentration
under dilution test, it is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that allows less than 0.1% of the originL inoculum to survive
minimum bactericidal concentration or minimum lethal concentration
classification based on spectrum of activity:
limited activity
just for gram positive/ negative
narrow spectrum
classification based on spectrum of activity:
effective for both gram positive and negative; aerobic and anaerobic
broad spectrum
classification based on spectrum of activity:
for diseases which are hard to treat especially nosocomial infection
extended spectrum
clindamycin
a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum
a. narrow spectrum
metronidazole
a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum
a. narrow spectrum
cephalosporin
a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum
b. broad spectrum
augmentin
a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum
c. extended spectrum
sulfonamides and trimethoprim
a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum
c. extended spectrum
fluoroquinolones
a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum
b. extended spectrum
drugs that target on cell wall synthesis
beta lactams
vancomycin
bacitracin
drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis:
folate synthesis
sulfonamides
trimethoprim
drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis:
on DNA gyrase
quinolones
drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis:
RNA polymerase
Rifampin
drugs that target protein synthesis:
50S subunit
CECALLS
Clindamycin erythromycin chloramphenicol aminoglycosides linezolid lincomycin streptogramins
drugs that target protein synthesis:
30S subunit
SAT
spectinomycin
aminoglycosides
tetracycline
example of mechanism involved in the development of resistance: preventing the activation of prodrugs
isoniazid
organisms alters KatG (activates inh) ➡️ no longer able to activate inh
example of mechanism in the development of resistance: alteration of metabolic pathway
targets dihydropteroate synthetase: sulfonamides
targets dihydrofolate reductase: trimethoprim
example of organism involved in the mechanism in the development of resistance: reduced drug accumulation
pseudomonas aeroginosa
example of drugs involved in mechanism in the development of resistance: production of enzymes that can modify antibiotics
aminoglycosides
example of drug involved in mechanism in the development of resistance: alteration of target enzyme
fluoroquinolones
natural form of resistance
aka primary/innate resistance
intrinsic resistance
aka secondary resistance
acquired resistance
resistance present among parents can be transferred among offsprings via vertical transmission
intrinsic resistance
DNA transfer of resistance via transformation or chromosomal recombination or transmitted horizontally from a source
acquired resistance
4 specific mechanisms involved in the development of resistance
mutation
transformation
conjugation
transduction
involves transfer of DNA material via sexual pilus and requires cell to cell contact
conjugation
involved uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria
transformation
involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages
transduction
undergo in stable genetic change
mutation
host factors for choice of antimicrobial agent for clinical use
concomitant disease prior adverse drug effect impaired elimination or detoxification of the drug age of the patient pregnancy status epidemiologic exposure
chloramphenicol causes what syndrome among newborns
Gray baby syndrome
drug that can cause kernicterus among newborns
sulfonamides
drug that can cause abnormal teeth discoloration when taken during pregnancy
tetracycline
