Introduction

Question 1

used urine culture of anthrax bacilli

antibiosis

Answer 1

pasteur and joubert

Question 2

prototype macrolide

alternative when patient is allergic to penicillin

Answer 2

erythromycin

Question 3

DOC for dermatophytic infections

Answer 3

griseofulvin

Question 4

antifungal that is used for systemic fungal infections like systemic candidiasis

Answer 4

amphotericin B

Question 5

drug used for localized fungal infection

Answer 5

ketoconazole

Question 6

DOC for herpes

Answer 6

acyclovir

Question 7

DOC for viral influenza type A

Answer 7

amantadine

Question 8

first drug for HIV

Answer 8

Zidovudine

Question 9

DOC for amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis

Answer 9

metronidazole

Question 10

alternative DOC for ascariasis

Answer 10

pyrantel pamoate

Question 11

bacteriostatic drugs

Answer 11

TTECCS

trimethoprim
tetracycline
erythromycin
clindamycin
chloramphenicol
sulfonamides

Question 12

bactericidal drugs

Answer 12

BAG FluRiMet

Beta lactams
aminoglycosides
glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin)

Fluoroquinolones
rifampicin
metronidazole

Question 13

is static against gram negative roda

is cidal against other organisms such as S. pneumoniae

Answer 13

chloramphenicol

Question 14

may only be bacteriostatic at lower concentration, but becomes bactericidal at higher dose

Answer 14

macrolides

erythromycin and azithromycin

Question 15

both compounds are bacteriostatic but in combination, they become cidal against many pathogens

Answer 15

cotrimoxazole

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

Question 16

maximum killing effect depends on concentration achieved in the plasma

has post antibiotic effect

Answer 16

concentration dependent

Question 17

maximum killing effect is dependent on time achieved

no post antibiotic effect

Answer 17

time dependent

Question 18

a persistent suppression of microbial growth that occurs alter levels of antibiotic have fallen below the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC)

Answer 18

post antibiotic effect

Question 19

drugs under concentration dependent killing

Answer 19

AFA

aminoglycosides
fluoroquinolones
azithromycin

Question 20

drugs under time dependent killing

Answer 20

orhers. HAHA

Question 21

used in certain entities where it is difficult to identify the pathogen or for the sake of public health

Answer 21

empiric therapy

Question 22

standard method used for determining levels of microbial resistance to ab antimicrobial agent

Answer 22

tube dilution test

Question 23

under dilution method, it is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that inhibits bacterial growth

Answer 23

minimum inhibition concentration

Question 24

under dilution test, it is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that allows less than 0.1% of the originL inoculum to survive

Answer 24

minimum bactericidal concentration or minimum lethal concentration

Question 25

classification based on spectrum of activity: limited activity just for gram positive/ negative

Answer 25

narrow spectrum

Question 26

classification based on spectrum of activity: effective for both gram positive and negative; aerobic and anaerobic

Answer 26

broad spectrum

Question 27

classification based on spectrum of activity: for diseases which are hard to treat especially nosocomial infection

Answer 27

extended spectrum

Question 28

clindamycin a. narrow spectrum b. broad spectrum c. extended spectrum

Answer 28

a. narrow spectrum

Question 29

metronidazole a. narrow spectrum b. broad spectrum c. extended spectrum

Answer 29

a. narrow spectrum

Question 30

cephalosporin a. narrow spectrum b. broad spectrum c. extended spectrum

Answer 30

b. broad spectrum

Question 31

augmentin a. narrow spectrum b. broad spectrum c. extended spectrum

Answer 31

c. extended spectrum

Question 32

sulfonamides and trimethoprim a. narrow spectrum b. broad spectrum c. extended spectrum

Answer 32

c. extended spectrum

Question 33

fluoroquinolones a. narrow spectrum b. broad spectrum c. extended spectrum

Answer 33

b. extended spectrum

Question 34

drugs that target on cell wall synthesis

Answer 34

beta lactams vancomycin bacitracin

Question 35

drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis: folate synthesis

Answer 35

sulfonamides | trimethoprim

Question 36

drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis: on DNA gyrase

Answer 36

quinolones

Question 37

drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis: RNA polymerase

Answer 37

Rifampin

Question 38

drugs that target protein synthesis: 50S subunit

Answer 38

CECALLS ``` Clindamycin erythromycin chloramphenicol aminoglycosides linezolid lincomycin streptogramins ```

Question 39

drugs that target protein synthesis: 30S subunit

Answer 39

SAT spectinomycin aminoglycosides tetracycline

Question 40

example of mechanism involved in the development of resistance: preventing the activation of prodrugs

Answer 40

isoniazid organisms alters KatG (activates inh) ➡️ no longer able to activate inh

Question 41

example of mechanism in the development of resistance: alteration of metabolic pathway

Answer 41

targets dihydropteroate synthetase: sulfonamides targets dihydrofolate reductase: trimethoprim

Question 42

example of organism involved in the mechanism in the development of resistance: reduced drug accumulation

Answer 42

pseudomonas aeroginosa

Question 43

example of drugs involved in mechanism in the development of resistance: production of enzymes that can modify antibiotics

Answer 43

aminoglycosides

Question 44

example of drug involved in mechanism in the development of resistance: alteration of target enzyme

Answer 44

fluoroquinolones

Question 45

natural form of resistance | aka primary/innate resistance

Answer 45

intrinsic resistance

Question 46

aka secondary resistance

Answer 46

acquired resistance

Question 47

resistance present among parents can be transferred among offsprings via vertical transmission

Answer 47

intrinsic resistance

Question 48

DNA transfer of resistance via transformation or chromosomal recombination or transmitted horizontally from a source

Answer 48

acquired resistance

Question 49

4 specific mechanisms involved in the development of resistance

Answer 49

mutation transformation conjugation transduction

Question 50

involves transfer of DNA material via sexual pilus and requires cell to cell contact

Answer 50

conjugation

Question 51

involved uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria

Answer 51

transformation

Question 52

involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages

Answer 52

transduction

Question 53

undergo in stable genetic change

Answer 53

mutation

Question 54

host factors for choice of antimicrobial agent for clinical use

Answer 54

``` concomitant disease prior adverse drug effect impaired elimination or detoxification of the drug age of the patient pregnancy status epidemiologic exposure ```

Question 55

chloramphenicol causes what syndrome among newborns

Answer 55

Gray baby syndrome

Question 56

drug that can cause kernicterus among newborns

Answer 56

sulfonamides

Question 57

drug that can cause abnormal teeth discoloration when taken during pregnancy

Answer 57

tetracycline