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Antibiotics > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

used urine culture of anthrax bacilli

antibiosis

A

pasteur and joubert

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2
Q

prototype macrolide

alternative when patient is allergic to penicillin

A

erythromycin

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3
Q

DOC for dermatophytic infections

A

griseofulvin

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4
Q

antifungal that is used for systemic fungal infections like systemic candidiasis

A

amphotericin B

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5
Q

drug used for localized fungal infection

A

ketoconazole

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6
Q

DOC for herpes

A

acyclovir

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7
Q

DOC for viral influenza type A

A

amantadine

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8
Q

first drug for HIV

A

Zidovudine

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9
Q

DOC for amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis

A

metronidazole

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10
Q

alternative DOC for ascariasis

A

pyrantel pamoate

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11
Q

bacteriostatic drugs

A

TTECCS

trimethoprim
tetracycline
erythromycin
clindamycin
chloramphenicol
sulfonamides
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12
Q

bactericidal drugs

A

BAG FluRiMet

Beta lactams
aminoglycosides
glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin)

Fluoroquinolones
rifampicin
metronidazole

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13
Q

is static against gram negative roda

is cidal against other organisms such as S. pneumoniae

A

chloramphenicol

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14
Q

may only be bacteriostatic at lower concentration, but becomes bactericidal at higher dose

A

macrolides

erythromycin and azithromycin

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15
Q

both compounds are bacteriostatic but in combination, they become cidal against many pathogens

A

cotrimoxazole

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

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16
Q

maximum killing effect depends on concentration achieved in the plasma

has post antibiotic effect

A

concentration dependent

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17
Q

maximum killing effect is dependent on time achieved

no post antibiotic effect

A

time dependent

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18
Q

a persistent suppression of microbial growth that occurs alter levels of antibiotic have fallen below the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC)

A

post antibiotic effect

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19
Q

drugs under concentration dependent killing

A

AFA

aminoglycosides
fluoroquinolones
azithromycin

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20
Q

drugs under time dependent killing

A

orhers. HAHA

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21
Q

used in certain entities where it is difficult to identify the pathogen or for the sake of public health

A

empiric therapy

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22
Q

standard method used for determining levels of microbial resistance to ab antimicrobial agent

A

tube dilution test

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23
Q

under dilution method, it is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that inhibits bacterial growth

A

minimum inhibition concentration

24
Q

under dilution test, it is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that allows less than 0.1% of the originL inoculum to survive

A

minimum bactericidal concentration or minimum lethal concentration

25
Q

classification based on spectrum of activity:

limited activity
just for gram positive/ negative

A

narrow spectrum

26
Q

classification based on spectrum of activity:

effective for both gram positive and negative; aerobic and anaerobic

A

broad spectrum

27
Q

classification based on spectrum of activity:

for diseases which are hard to treat especially nosocomial infection

A

extended spectrum

28
Q

clindamycin

a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum

A

a. narrow spectrum

29
Q

metronidazole

a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum

A

a. narrow spectrum

30
Q

cephalosporin

a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum

A

b. broad spectrum

31
Q

augmentin

a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum

A

c. extended spectrum

32
Q

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum

A

c. extended spectrum

33
Q

fluoroquinolones

a. narrow spectrum
b. broad spectrum
c. extended spectrum

A

b. extended spectrum

34
Q

drugs that target on cell wall synthesis

A

beta lactams
vancomycin
bacitracin

35
Q

drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis:

folate synthesis

A

sulfonamides

trimethoprim

36
Q

drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis:

on DNA gyrase

A

quinolones

37
Q

drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis:

RNA polymerase

A

Rifampin

38
Q

drugs that target protein synthesis:

50S subunit

A

CECALLS

Clindamycin 
erythromycin 
chloramphenicol
aminoglycosides
linezolid
lincomycin
streptogramins
39
Q

drugs that target protein synthesis:

30S subunit

A

SAT

spectinomycin
aminoglycosides
tetracycline

40
Q

example of mechanism involved in the development of resistance: preventing the activation of prodrugs

A

isoniazid

organisms alters KatG (activates inh) ➡️ no longer able to activate inh

41
Q

example of mechanism in the development of resistance: alteration of metabolic pathway

A

targets dihydropteroate synthetase: sulfonamides

targets dihydrofolate reductase: trimethoprim

42
Q

example of organism involved in the mechanism in the development of resistance: reduced drug accumulation

A

pseudomonas aeroginosa

43
Q

example of drugs involved in mechanism in the development of resistance: production of enzymes that can modify antibiotics

A

aminoglycosides

44
Q

example of drug involved in mechanism in the development of resistance: alteration of target enzyme

A

fluoroquinolones

45
Q

natural form of resistance

aka primary/innate resistance

A

intrinsic resistance

46
Q

aka secondary resistance

A

acquired resistance

47
Q

resistance present among parents can be transferred among offsprings via vertical transmission

A

intrinsic resistance

48
Q

DNA transfer of resistance via transformation or chromosomal recombination or transmitted horizontally from a source

A

acquired resistance

49
Q

4 specific mechanisms involved in the development of resistance

A

mutation
transformation
conjugation
transduction

50
Q

involves transfer of DNA material via sexual pilus and requires cell to cell contact

A

conjugation

51
Q

involved uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria

A

transformation

52
Q

involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages

A

transduction

53
Q

undergo in stable genetic change

A

mutation

54
Q

host factors for choice of antimicrobial agent for clinical use

A 
concomitant disease
prior adverse drug effect
impaired elimination or detoxification of the drug
age of the patient
pregnancy status
epidemiologic exposure
55
Q

chloramphenicol causes what syndrome among newborns

A

Gray baby syndrome

56
Q

drug that can cause kernicterus among newborns

A

sulfonamides

57
Q

drug that can cause abnormal teeth discoloration when taken during pregnancy

A

tetracycline

Antibiotics (11 decks)

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