Introduction

Question 1

What is Logic

Answer 1

Science of correct thinking

Question 2

Who is father of traditional logic

Answer 2

Aristotle

Question 3

Main branches of logic

Answer 3

Formal (minor) and Material (major)

Question 4

What is Formal logic

Answer 4

Branch of logic concerned with the form or structure of reasoning; method of deriving one truth from another

Question 5

What is Material logic

Answer 5

Branch of logic concerned with the content of argumentation; deals with the truth of the terms in an argument

Question 6

Can statement of fact be logical or illogical

Answer 6

No; it can be true or false

Question 7

Can an argument be true or false

Answer 7

No; it can be valid (logical) or invalid

Question 8

What is Truth

Answer 8

Whether a statement agrees with reality

Question 9

What is Validity

Answer 9

Whether an argument’s conclusion follows logically from its premise

Question 10

What is Soundness

Answer 10

Soundness of an argument indicates that all the premises are true and that the argument is valid

Question 11

Components of an argument

Answer 11

All arguments must have at least two premises and one conclusion

Question 12

What is Simple Apprehension

Answer 12

Mental act of forming a concept of something in our mind

Question 13

What is Term

Answer 13

Verbal expression of simple apprehension (simple apprehension manifests itself as term);

• All men are mortal
• Socrates is a man

There are three concepts we form in our mind (mental act of simple apprehension): men, Socrates, mortal.

We transform the concepts into words (terms).

Question 14

What is Judgment

Answer 14

Mental act of affirmation or denial (a thought in our mind that something is or is not something else)

Question 15

What is Proposition

Answer 15

Verbal expression of judgment;

• All men are mortal
• Socrates is a man
• Socrates is mortal

These are three propositions. They represent a thought that something is something else: that all ‘men’ are ‘mortal’, etc.

Question 16

What is Deductive Inference

Answer 16

Mental act of making the logical connections in our mind between the terms in the argument in a way that shows us that the conclusion either follows or does not follow from the premises.

Question 17

What is Syllogism

Answer 17

Verbal expression of deductive inference;

• All men are mortal
• Socrates is a man

If you are now thinking that “Socrates is therefore mortal” based on the first two propositions, you are performing a mental act of deductive inference and expressing it as a syllogism. You have gone from one set of truths to another truth (if indeed they are true)

Question 18

Three mental acts

Answer 18

• Simple Apprehension
• Judgment
• Deductive Inference

Question 19

Three verbal expressions

Answer 19

• Term
• Proposition
• Syllogism