Introduction Flashcards
Antibiotic
Substance created by microorganism to inhibit or kill another microorganism
Antibacterial
Substance that inhibits or kills bacteria
Antifungal
Substance that inhibits or kills fungi / spores
Antiviral
Substance that inhibits development and transmission of viruses
Antiprotozoal
Substance that inhibits or kills protozoa
Anti-infective
Substance that inhibits, prevents, or kills the source of an infection
Antiseptic
Substance that is applied to living tissue/skin to prevent, treat, or reduce infection
Disinfectant
Substance that is applied to inanimate objects/surfaces to kill microbes
Antimicrobial
Substance that inhibits or kills microbes
Impact of Antibacterial
Drastic reduction in mortality rate of infections
- (Up to 75% reductions)
Communicable Leading Causes of Death
COVID-19
Lower Respiratory Infection
Tuberculosis
Top causes of death in children 1-4
Malaria and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
What was the first antimicrobe
Sulfonamides and then Penicillins
How does Bacterial Resistance occur
Intrinsic Resistance
Acquired Resistance
Selection of resistant strains with antibacterial use (Misuse)
Spread and clonal spread
Intrinsic Resistance
Bacteria’s natural ability to resist antimicrobials
- Not related to bacteria’s genes or mutations
Acquired Resistance
New mutation or transfer of resistant genes from other bacteria
- Leads to development of resistance
Mechanisms of Resistance Development
- What are the different kinds
Pre-existing genes carrying resistance
Mutation
Conjugation (Pili)
Transduction (Viral Phages)
Transformation
Mechanisms of Resistance Development
- Conjugation
Plasmid transfer from other bacteria
Mechanisms of Resistance Development
- Transduction
Transfer by Viral delivery from other infected bacteria
Mechanisms of Resistance Development
- Transformation
Transfer of Free DNA from dead bacteria
Resistance Development Process
- Population of bacteria has a subset of antibiotic organisms
- Presence of antibiotic kills susceptible strains, resistant strains survive
- Resistant strain proliferates and can cause more infections
Bacterial Resistance
- Main Categories
- Decreased Permeability
- Enzyme Modification
- Target Site Changes
- Active Efflux
Bacterial Resistance
- Decreased Permeability
Cell Wall Changes
Porin Channel Changes
Biofilm Production
Bacterial Resistance
- Enzyme Modification
Beta-lactamases
Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
Methylation