Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotic

A

Substance created by microorganism to inhibit or kill another microorganism

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2
Q

Antibacterial

A

Substance that inhibits or kills bacteria

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3
Q

Antifungal

A

Substance that inhibits or kills fungi / spores

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4
Q

Antiviral

A

Substance that inhibits development and transmission of viruses

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5
Q

Antiprotozoal

A

Substance that inhibits or kills protozoa

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6
Q

Anti-infective

A

Substance that inhibits, prevents, or kills the source of an infection

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7
Q

Antiseptic

A

Substance that is applied to living tissue/skin to prevent, treat, or reduce infection

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8
Q

Disinfectant

A

Substance that is applied to inanimate objects/surfaces to kill microbes

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9
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Substance that inhibits or kills microbes

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10
Q

Impact of Antibacterial

A

Drastic reduction in mortality rate of infections
- (Up to 75% reductions)

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11
Q

Communicable Leading Causes of Death

A

COVID-19

Lower Respiratory Infection

Tuberculosis

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12
Q

Top causes of death in children 1-4

A

Malaria and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

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13
Q

What was the first antimicrobe

A

Sulfonamides and then Penicillins

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14
Q

How does Bacterial Resistance occur

A

Intrinsic Resistance

Acquired Resistance

Selection of resistant strains with antibacterial use (Misuse)

Spread and clonal spread

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15
Q

Intrinsic Resistance

A

Bacteria’s natural ability to resist antimicrobials
- Not related to bacteria’s genes or mutations

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16
Q

Acquired Resistance

A

New mutation or transfer of resistant genes from other bacteria
- Leads to development of resistance

17
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance Development
- What are the different kinds

A

Pre-existing genes carrying resistance

Mutation

Conjugation (Pili)

Transduction (Viral Phages)

Transformation

18
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance Development
- Conjugation

A

Plasmid transfer from other bacteria

19
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance Development
- Transduction

A

Transfer by Viral delivery from other infected bacteria

20
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance Development
- Transformation

A

Transfer of Free DNA from dead bacteria

21
Q

Resistance Development Process

A
  1. Population of bacteria has a subset of antibiotic organisms
  2. Presence of antibiotic kills susceptible strains, resistant strains survive
  3. Resistant strain proliferates and can cause more infections
22
Q

Bacterial Resistance
- Main Categories

A
  1. Decreased Permeability
  2. Enzyme Modification
  3. Target Site Changes
  4. Active Efflux
23
Q

Bacterial Resistance
- Decreased Permeability

A

Cell Wall Changes
Porin Channel Changes
Biofilm Production

24
Q

Bacterial Resistance
- Enzyme Modification

A

Beta-lactamases
Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
Methylation

25
Bacterial Resistance - Target Site Changes
Alteration of penicillin binding proteins Ribosomal modification
26
Bacterial Resistance - Active Efflux
Tetracycline efflux Fluoroquinolone efflux
27
How to prevent resistance from developing
If you use an antibiotic ensure the dose is high enough
28
Antibacterial Development - Costs
Pharmaceutical companies find that antibacterial development is not economically wise
29
Antibacterial Development - Antibacterials vs regular drugs
Antibacterials are - The only drug that loses benefit with extensive use - Given in short courses - Are relatively cheap
30
Costs of Resistance
Increased use of Broad Spectrum Increased use of IV antibacterials Increased Hospitalization Increased Costs of hospitalization Increased Infection Control Increased Morbidity and Mortality Decreased Quality of Life
31
Antibacterials role in agriculture
Used to promote growth - 80-88% of all antibacterials sold are administered to food animals High rates of resistance in farm animals' and farmers' intestinal flora Animals excrete >90% of antibacterial into soil and water through urine and stools
32
Inappropriate Antibacterial Use - Prescribers
Prescribers view antibiotics as a fail safe - That they should prescribe it just in case their diagnosis is wrong Prescribers should instead make more precise diagnoses
33
Steps to reducing Antibacterial Resistance - Part 1
- Use antibacterials Only When Necessary - Do not use antibacterials For Viral Infections - Use antibacterials for appropriate duration - Ensure patient Adherence - Use antibacterials with the Narrowest Spectrum of activity when possible - Prevent spread of infections (Handwashing, Cleaning Services) - Prevent Infections (Vaccination)
34
Steps to reducing Antibacterial Resistance - Part 2
- Strict Infection Control procedures - Guidelines - Drug Formularies - Antibacterial Cycling? - Regulatory Policies - Improved Diagnostics - Educate the public, health care professionals - Reduce Agricultural use of antibacterials
35
Consequences of not completing Antibiotic Course
Antibiotic will not be as effective - MYTH: Not completing antibiotic course leads to resistance --> If anything it is the opposite: The longer you treat the more likely the infection will get resistance (Selective Pressure)