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Forensic Anatomy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the anatomical position.

A

Body standing upright and erect.
Head and eyes directed anteriorly.
Upper limbs relaxed and at side of body.
Palms directed anteriorly.
Feet ~ shoulder width apart & toes directed anteriorly.

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2
Q

What is the prone position?

A

Anatomical position placed face-down.

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3
Q

What is the supine position?

A

Anatomical position placed face-up.

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4
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior portions.

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5
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

divides body anteriorly and posteriorly

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6
Q

Define the mid-sagittal plane.

A

Divides body into equal right and left halves.

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7
Q

Define the median plane.

A

Divides body into equal right and left halves.

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8
Q

Define the sagittal plane.

A

Parallel to mid-sagittal/median plane but divides into unequal halves.

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9
Q

define the axial plane.

A

Divides body into superior and inferior portions.

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10
Q

Define the transverse plane.

A

Divides body into superior and inferior portions.

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11
Q

Define superficial.

A

Located closer to the skin.

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12
Q

Give an anatomical example of a superficial structure.

A

The ribs are superficial to the heart.

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13
Q

Give an example of a deep structure.

A

The brain is deep to the skull.

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13
Q

Define deep.

A

Located further from the skin.

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14
Q

Define anterior

A

Located closer to the front of the body.

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15
Q

Give an anatomical example of an anterior structure.

A

In anatomical position, the palms are anterior/ventral to the back of the hand.

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16
Q

Define ventral

A

Located closer to the front of the body.

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17
Q

Define posterior

A

Located closer to the back of the body.

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18
Q

Define dorsal

A

Located closer to the back of the body.

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19
Q

Give an example of a posterior/dorsal structure.

A

The spine is posterior/dorsal to the ribs.

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20
Q

Define superior

A

Located closer to top of the head

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21
Q

define cranial

A

Located closer to top of the head

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22
Q

Give an anatomical example of superior/cranial

A

The eyes are superior/cranial to the mouth

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23
Q

Define inferior

A

located closer to the ‘tail’

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24
Q

Define caudal

A

located closer to the tail

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25
Q

Give an anatomical example of inferior/caudal

A

The feet are inferior/caudal to the tibia

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26
Q

Define medial

A

Located closer to the midline

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27
Q

Give an anatomical example of medial

A

The heart is lateral to the right ear.

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28
Q

Define lateral

A

Located further from the midline.

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29
Q

Give an anatomical example of lateral

A

The right arm is lateral to the right lung.

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30
Q

Define proximal

A

Located closer to its origin

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31
Q

Give an anatomical example of proximal

A

The proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone.

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32
Q

Define distal

A

Located further from its origin

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33
Q

Give an anatomical example of distal

A

the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm

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34
Q

Define palmar

A

Palm of hand

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35
Q

Define plantar

A

Sole of foot

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36
Q

Define the skeletal system

A

Provides support and protects vital organs

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37
Q

Provide an example of a structure in the skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilage, occipital bone, hyaline cartilage

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38
Q

Define the muscular system

A

Consists of muscles that contract to move/position parts of the body.

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39
Q

Give an example of a structure in the muscular system.

A

Trapezius muscle

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40
Q

Define the nervous system

A

Controls and coordinates functions of organ systems. Consists of CNS and PNS.

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41
Q

Give an example of a structure in the nervous system.

A

Ganglia, brain, spinal cord, nerves

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42
Q

Define the circulatory system

A

Distributes fluids within the body. Consists of cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

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43
Q

Define the cardiovascular system

A

Propels and conducts blood through the body.

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44
Q

Give an example of a structure in the cardiovascular system.

A

Heart, blood vessels

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45
Q

Define the lymphoid system.

A

Consists of network of lymphatic vessels that withdraw lymph from interstitial fluid compartments, filters it through lymph nodes and returns to bloodstream.

46
Q

Give an example of a structure in the lymphoid system.

A

spleen, lymph nodes

47
Q

Define the digestive system

A

deals with injestion, mastication, degultition, digestion and absorption of food, plus elimination of feces.

48
Q

Give an example of a structure in the digestive system.

A

Mouth, intestines, stomach

49
Q

Define the respiratory system

A

Supplies oxygen and eliminates CO2; controls airflow to produce speech.

50
Q

Give an example of a structure in the respiratory system.

A

lungs, capillaries

51
Q

Define the urogenital system

A

Deals with filtering of blood, production, transport, storage and excretion of urine as well as reproduction.

52
Q

Give an example of a structure in the urogenital system.

A

kidneys, ureters, gonas

53
Q

Define the endocrine system

A

consists of discrete ductless glands and cells of intestine and blood vessel walls and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones, distributing them to target organs

54
Q

Give an example of a structure in the endocrine system.

A

thyroid gland.

55
Q

Define the integumentary system.

A

protective covering for the body

56
Q

Give an example of a structure in the integumentary system.

A

skin, hair, nails

57
Q

What region is highlighted in magenta?

A

thorax

58
Q

What region is highlighted in light green?

A

abdomen

59
Q

What region is highlighted in dark green?

A

Pelvis/perineum

60
Q

Define bilateral

A

paired structures occurring on the right and left sides of the body

61
Q

give an example of a bilateral structure

A

lungs

62
Q

define unilateral

A

only present on one side of the bodyg

63
Q

give an example of a unilateral structure.

A

liver, kidney, heart

64
Q

define ipsilateral

A

two different structures located on the same side of the body

65
Q

give an example of ipsilateral structures.

A

left lung and left knee

66
Q

define contralateral

A

structures located on opposite sides of the body

67
Q

give an example of contralateral structures.

A

left eye, right hand

68
Q

define joints

A

points where two or more bones articulate

69
Q

Define fibrous joints

A

strong, tough joints designed to limit motion and provide stability

70
Q

what are the three subclasses of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

71
Q

Where are fibrous joints found in the body?

A

skull, jaw, between long bones

72
Q

Define synovial joints.

A

movable joints allowing for a large range of motion

73
Q

What fills synovial joints?

A

synovial fluid

74
Q

What are cartilaginous joints

A

joints that allow little movement.

75
Q

how are cartilaginous joints further classified?

A

primary and secondary

76
Q
A
77
Q

List the 3 types of fibrous/synarthrotic joints.

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Gomophoses
  3. Syndesmoses
78
Q

Define sutures

A

Edges of bones fit together firmly and are united by periosteum.

79
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Connective tissue

80
Q

Where would you find sutures?

A

In joints of the skull

81
Q

Define gomphoses.

A

Immovable joints between the teeth and mandible.

82
Q

How are teeth held in place?

A

By periodontal ligaments

83
Q

Define syndesmoses.

A

Slightly movable joints comprising of a sheet of fibrous tissue uniting the shafts of long bones.

84
Q

Give an example of a syndesmose.

A

Interosseus membranes of forearms and legs.

85
Q

List the two types of cartilaginous joints.

A
  1. Primary/synchondroses
  2. Secondary/symphoses
86
Q

Define primary cartilaginous joints

A

Found in growth plates of growing bones

87
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

88
Q

Define secondary cartilaginous joints. `

A

Found in spine and pubis.

89
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?

A

Fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage.

90
Q

list the 6 types of synovial joints.

A
  1. Hinge joint
  2. Pivot joint
  3. Saddle
  4. Condyloid
  5. Plane
  6. Ball and socket
91
Q

Define a hinge joint

A

Allow movement in only one plane or axis ; flexion and extension

92
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow

93
Q

Define a pivot joint

A

Rotates around one primary central axis

94
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint

A

Atlanto-axial joint

95
Q

Define a saddle joint

A

Allows movement in two planes at right angles to each other; abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, circumduction.

96
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

Carpometacarpal joint in thumb.

97
Q

Define a condyloid joint

A

Articulation of a concave and convex bone

98
Q

What types of movement do condyloid joints allow for?

A

Abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, restricted circumduction

99
Q

Give an example of a condyloid joint.

A

Knuckle joint

100
Q

Define a plane joint

A

Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved

101
Q

What types of movement do plane joints allow for

A

Restricted gliding/sliding

102
Q

Give an example of a plane joint

A

Acromiclavicular joint

103
Q

Define a ball and socket joint

A

Highly mobile, allows for movement in multiple planes and axes; abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation

104
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

A

Hip

105
Q

Define flexion

A

Decrease the angle between two body parts

106
Q

Define extension

A

Increase the angle between two body parts

107
Q

Define adduction

A

Movement towards the midline

108
Q

Define abduction

A

Movement away from midline

109
Q

Define rotation

A

Spinning motion about an axis

110
Q

Define circumduction

A

Circular motion of movement

111
Q

Define pronation

A

Rotating hand and forearm so palm faces posteriorly

112
Q

Define supination

A

Return of pronated hand to anatomical position

Forensic Anatomy (46 decks)

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